Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences

Abstract The soot (solid carbon particles) emitted from diesel engines into atmosphere is to consider one of dangerous pollutant because it is easy inhaled deep into the lungs and some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons known for their cancer properties are associated with it. The direct gravimetric method is used to measure the soot mass rate. The soot particles through the exhaust pipe are trapped using Pyrex-glass collecting piece with glass wool filter. The rate of soot mass emitted and brake power are expressed in (g/kw hr) unit. The variation of soot mass with engine load is compared with U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards. It is found as the engine load is increased, the rate of soot mass increases and exceeds the (EPA) standards in the first tier. The high rate of soot mass causes strong decrease in the brake power and thermal efficiency. The soot usually burns at the temperature of 600 Co approximately. The results show that the high soot mass in high load can be treated by raising the exhaust temperature and reached to greater than 600Co. In the moderate load up to 70%, it is found that the soot mass emitted is not exceeding the (EPA) standards in the first and second tiers. The exhaust temperature is high and the soot mass rate is to be low and easily treated.

Abstract The entropy generation method is applied to measure the thermodynamic losses caused by heat transfer and pressure drop in cylindrical pin-fin heat sinks which cooled by impingement air flow. The use of this method allows the combined effect of thermal resistance and pressure drop to be assessed through the simultaneous interaction with the heat sink. A general expression for the entropy generation rate is obtained by considering the whole heat sink as a control volume and applying the conservation equations for mass and energy with the entropy balance. Analytical and empirical correlations for heat transfer coefficients and friction factors are used in the optimization model, where a new characteristic lengths are used and reference velocity used in Reynolds number and pressure drop. The SUMT method is used to optimize the model which use the directional derivative to reach the minimum value to the objective function which is the entropy generation rate in this research. The language is used to programming the optimization procedure to the objective function and its constraints which is taken from the general electronic package case. The design is performed on the electronic circuit of thickness which is generate in the 300K ambient temperature. A comparison between the results and the results of the horizontal cooling is accomplished for the different air velociti

Abstract The objective of this research is to study the effect of changing the reinforcement percentage by fibers on Mechanical properties, for composite material consists of conbextra epoxy (EP-10) resin reinforced by biaxial woven roving kevlar fibers (°45-°0) with density (340 g/cm3) which included impact strength , tensile strength , flexural strength and hardness Where the Mechanical properties were extracted for phenol formaldehyde resin before reinforcement by fibers, then we reinforced the resin by different weight percentage from Kevlar fibers(20%,40%,60%) and studied the effect on the above mechanical properties as illustrated in the diagrams .

Abstract In this research we made a composite material consist of the matrix which is epoxy resin type (Thortex) with the reinforcing of chopped carbon fibers with volume fraction of 20%. Some mechanical properties were studied of prepared composite specimen after subjected different environments included (air, distilled water, KOH, HNO3) The normality for all these chemical solutions is )1(. Several mechanical tests are carried out on these samples, and these are: Bending test, Impact Strength test, Brinell Hardness test, every 14 days for 60 days.

Abstract في هذا البحث تم عمل وتصميم جهاز يقوم بعملية إطفاء لمحرك مضخة زراعية عند انقطاع ماء التبريد ، حيث يستمد الجهاز المصنع عمله من خلال القوة الناتجة من ماء التبريد ، إذ يتم عمل مضاعفة للقوة أولاً باستخدام مجموعة عتلات، بعد ذلك تستخدم هذه القوة بسد فتحة تجهيز الوقود إلى مضخة الوقود , مما يؤدي إلى إطفاء محرك المضخة . و تم في هذا البحث عمليه حساب لكمية ماء التبريد الخارج من المحرك كدالة لدرجة الحرارة وبالتالي حساب القوة الممكن الحصول عليها من خلال سقوطه على ريشة مصممة داخل الجهاز ، وعلى أساس هذه القوة نبدأ بتصميم هذا الجهاز الذي يتم وصفه لاحقاً . بعد تصميم وصنع الجهاز وضع الجهاز في المكان المخصص له وربطه كما في الشكل رقم(1) ولاحظنا عملياً عند انقطاع الماء تبقى المضخة تعمل لمدة قصيرة ثم تنطفئ ، و تمكنا كذلك من دراسة وتحليل هذه الفترة بحيث لا تؤثر على عمل المضخة ، لان درجة الحرارة المتولدة تحتاج إلى زمن أكثر كي يبدأ تأثيرها الفعلي

Abstract يتلخص هذا البحث في دراسة مستويات الضوضاء المختلفة التي يتعرض لها الإنسان من خلال استمارة استبيان كما في الشكل (1) وزعت على عينة عشوائية مكونة من (150) شخص من مناطق مختلفة في مدينتي النجف والكوفة، يتضمن الاستبيان طرح سؤال عن أهم مصادر الضوضاء التي يتعرض لها الشخص وأسئلة أخرى تتعلق بالعمر والحالة الاجتماعية والمهنة وعنوان السكن. نتيجة الاستبيان أوضحت بأن المواطن في هاتين المدينتين يعاني من (6) مصادر تسبب الضوضاء، أهم هذه المصادر كانت الضوضاء الناتجة من صوت المولدات حيث بلغت النسبة (52%) من المواطنين بالإضافة إلى مصادر أخرى مثل حركة المركبات (24%)، الأسواق الشعبية (3%)، الكلاب السائبة (3%)، المدارس (6%)، لعب الأولاد في الشارع (12%) قام الباحث بالتركيز على دراسة المصدر الأول (ضوضاء المولدات)حيث أظهرت نتائج هذا البحث أن ضوضاء المولدات هي إحدى مصادر الضوضاء الاجتماعية، ولها تأثيرات على الصحة العامة سمعية (مزمنة ومؤقتة) وغير سمعية، وأن فترة التعرض لهذا المصدر تتراوح بين (12 – 20) ساعة باليوم الواحد، أما شدة ضغط الصوت الناتج من هذا المصدر فتتراوح بين (70 – 92) ديسيبل حسب حجم ونوع المولدة وطريقة تشغيلها.

Abstract This research is empirical method for estimating the quantity of seepage under sheet pile wall, which influence on the stability and durability of the sheet pile. Flow net plotted by using Visual Basic Program, which gives greater number of flow lines and equipotential lines. The comparison between the results of visual program and the field observations explains excellent agreement. Theoretical models (used to determine quantity of seepage) are divided into three broad categories depending on length of clay layer (blanket) in the down stream side (L=0, 2 and 6 m). For each category, the models are divided into six parts depending on the depth of penetration of sheet pile (H3=2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12m) for various values of the depth of bed rock (H4=24, 22, 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4 and 2 m) and various values of total head differences ( h=H1-H2=3, 4 and 8 m). From the results of the program, at constant (H4), the quantity of seepage decreases with increasing (H3), also at a given (H3), the quantity of seepage increase with increasing (H4) and head difference ( h). A rapid decrease in quantity of seepage with increasing clay layer length (L). The mathematical representation of the series of models are represented by empirical equation resulted from a regression analysis by MS-Statistica. The results of the empirical equation are conservative as compared to the results of the experimental work

Abstract The world mineral fertilizer industry and use are started widely in the middle of the 19th century. In the 1960s and after the increase of food demands and because of the high prices of these chemicals, many developing countries, and Iraq as well, have also started to produce and use these chemicals but unfortunately on the value of food quality, health and the environment sometimes. In Iraq and regardless of the problems of the random production, handling and use and their impact on the environment, these activities are become worse especially after the Kuwait War and the economic embargo imposed on Iraq in 1991. This research was initiated to focus on the impact of chemical fertilizers industry and use on the world and then on the Iraqi environment according to the international experience in this field and to the acceptable levels of these chemicals. The salient conclusion of this work reveals that In Iraq there is industrial treatment mismanagement as well as farmer misuse, hence there are environmental problems and may be worsen in the near future. For instance, the activities of the State Company of Phosphate Production in Al-Anbar Province causes a noticeable pollution related to the miss management of waste disposal and due to the un efficient treatment units paralyzed because of either the 1991 Kuwait war (where 70-90% of the company is being destroyed) or because the embargo and hence the difficulties in maintaining the treatment units. In addition to the accumulation of thousands of ton of solid wastes ( as phosphogypsum and alkali clays ) and the gaseous pollutants of the sulfuric acid production units, it could be noted that the properties of treated liquid effluents ( like pH, P2O5, F and SO4 are 9.4, 5ppm, 5ppm and 750ppm , respectively) which are greater than the WHO standards of drinking water ( 6.5-9.2, less than 3ppm, 1-1.5ppm and 200-400ppm, respectively ).

Abstract The flashover phenomena constitutes as one of the important high voltage insulators problems which may cause costly outage for power system. pollution is the most essential element in this phenomena at system working voltage. In this paper, a research program is executed to investigate the pollution effect on flashover phenomena for south – west Iraqi (132kV) grid insulators routing through desert areas . In order to carryout the investigation, four typical sites have been selected, for each site one insulators string that suffering from deposition of contaminated substances has been select and brought to high voltage laboratory for checking flashover voltage values. From the present work it can be concluded that to a large extent, insulators show a significant changes in the electrical performance as exposed to desert environmental conditions like high temperature, humidity and sandstorms . A significant reduction in flashover voltage is observed as the pollution amount increases, these results have been compared with the new insulators

Abstract In this research a study effect of absorber surface shape for solar air collector (Flat V-Corrugated, Sinusoidal Wave-Corrugated, Rectangular-Corrugated)(1 1 0.1m) titled to the horizontal by an angle(30o) on forced heat transfer and skin friction coefficient by Fluent Numerical Program at constant solar heat flax (530W/m2) with Reynold’s number (5000≤Re≤8000). The government equation (mass, momentum and energy) are using Finite Volume by (Fluent 6.3) software for considering steady state, two dimensional and turbulent flow. The results show that the different between inlet and outlet air temperature is(13.65oC) and best heat transfer coefficient enhancement is(63%) for (V-Corrugated plate) compared with the flat plate at (Re=8000), Also the results show that the maximum skin friction coefficient is occured at (V-Corrugated) Cf=0.22 at (Re=8000).

Abstract In this paper presents the flexural properties of composites made from natural fibers (Coir fibers) as reinforcing phase in polyester matrix. The chemical treated of fibers with KOH solution at different concentrations (1, 5, 10 % KOH) with different times (0.25, 1, 18, 72, 168, 240 Hours) are used. Flexural strength reached the maximum values of (2.81 MPa) at immersed time (18 Hours) with (10 % KOH) concentration, whereas the composites containing fibers treated with (10 % KOH) decreased to (0.312 MPa) at immersed time (240 Hours). This was attributed to degradation of coir fiber when using high concentrations of alkali.

Abstract A Theoretical study has been conducted on the influence of Semi-tube orientation on combined free and forced laminar convection heat transfer where the Semi-tube heated with constant surface temperature. The theoretical study was done for both the thermal entrance region and hydraulically fully developed region. Theoretically the governing equations for a flow through an inclined Semi-tube were reduced to four, which are continuity equation, radial and tangential momentum equations, axial momentum equation and vorticity equation in which the variables where the temperature, vorticity, stream function and axial velocity. These equations were reduced to dimensionless equations in which Grashof, Prandtl, Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers were presented. These equations were numerically solved by using the marching process explicit finite difference method and Gauss elimination technique. Numerical results for the inclined Semi-tube heated by constant surface temperature in the thermal entrance region were obtained and represented by stream function contours and isotherms for different values of Rayleigh and channel angle, as well as the circumferential distribution of local Nusselt number and the change of average Nusselt number with Rayleigh number. The results clarify the significant effects of the secondary flow created by natural convection on the heat transfer process, reveal an increase in the Nusselt number as the angle of inclination moves from the vertical to the horizontal position.

Abstract This research is aimed to study the effect addition of Borax on Vulcanization properties of Rubber. which is represented by Viscosity , Elasticity,Plasticity which is defined as Rheology where suitable Quantities from Borax powder with loading level (0,5,10,15,20 pphr) were added to suitable type of Rubber (styrene- Butadiene Rubber, Nitrile Rubber ,and poly Chloroprene type (WRT)) and notice the change in Scorch time and this perioed time which is limited the Resistance of Rubber Compounds to Vulcaniztion and Occurrence at Min. point of Viscosity and Curing time which is Limited the Perioed time for Ending the Vulcaniztion Process and Occurrence at atopmost point for Viscosity after addition of Borax to Rubber Compounds and which has been check that the addition Borax powder which is discrease the Viscosity of (SBR ) Rubber and Increase the Viscosity of (NBR) Rubber and Increase the viscosity of (WRT) Rubber for point (10pphr)

Abstract The phenomenon of broken glass insulators which imported recently and currently being used to work in Iraqi transmission and distribution (132KV, 33KV) lines have greatly increased in recent years, which raised the need to examine the performance of these insulators under the influence of artificial contamination by simulating the climatic prevailing in the country. In this paper we have study the performance of two types of glass insulator which recently imported, the first works in (132KV) transmission systems and the second works in (33KV) distribution system, we have calculated the a mount of sodium chloride equivalent to several levels of salt deposit density in the chemical laboratory of the Nasiriyah thermal power plant station, then we have contamination surfaces of elected insulators to examine with two a mount of sandy loam (25g, 50g) with addition of calculated a mount of sodium chloride equivalent to several levels of equivalent salt deposit density and for several levels of pollution ( light, moderate and high). We have studied the performance of glass insulator elected for examination under the influence of artificial pollution in the high voltage laboratory of shatra technical institute, the calculated result show a serious decline in the value of flashover voltage at moderate and high artificial contamination and relatively good performance at light artificial contamination and also show non-conformity the value of flashover voltage for clean ( new ) insulator with the specification of the manufacturer of insulator. The study recommended a number of recommendations which are necessary to work with to a void the risk of recurrence of the phenomenon of broken glass insulator.

Abstract تضمنت الدراسة تقييم ثلاث طرق رياضية لحساب كمية الرسوبيات وتصاريفها في جزء من نهر الفرات وفروعه خلف سدة الهندية ومقارنتها مع التصاريف الميدانية وبيان ملائمتها لقنوات الري في محافظة بابل. تم اخذ التصاريف وأشكال المقاطع العرضية والمعلومات الناتجة من الأعمال الحقلية والفحوصات المختبريه لنهر الفرات وفروعه من خلال الدراسات السابقة. تبين أن طريقة اينشتاين- براون ملائمة لمعظم قنوات الري المأخوذة في هذا البحث وكذلك طريقة شيلدز حيث أعطت طريقة اينشتاين- براون قيم اقرب إلى القيم الميدانية بعكس طريقة انكلز- ليسي فكانت نتائجها بعيدة عن التصاريف الميدانية

Abstract This research aims to study some aspects and important properties in manufacturing of polymeric advanced composite materials reinforced by fibers will be studied ,these aspects show as introduction to some important properties of polymeric composite materials reinforced by fibers related with its composition and some mechanical properties (Tension ,Impact, Compression, Flexural, etc) .The objective of this research is to study the effect of using different reinforcement percentage of fibers on mechanical properties for composite material consist of vinyl ester resin reinforced by unidirectional Kevlar fibers with surface density (340 g/cm2) which included impact , tensile, compression , and flexural strength , where we extracted the mechanical properties for vinyl ester resin before reinforced by fibers, then we reinforced the resin by different weight percentage from kevlar Fibers (20%,40%,60%) and studied its effect on the above mechanical properties .

Abstract he polyester matrix composites reinforced with short glass fiber and reinforced with glass fiber and Al2O3 particles with different weight fractions (3, 5, and 7 wt% Al2O3) were prepared and then the mechanical testing (bending, impact, and hardness) were measured. The results showed the mechanical properties improve with increasing weight fraction. The impact energy of hybrid composite is better than compared with the composite reinforced with glass fiber alone at same weight fractions.

Abstract The aims of this study is to investigation the effect of reinforcing with hybrid fibers included natural palms fibers and carbon fibers on thermal behavior of araldite resin(AY103) . This resin was reinforced with natural palms fibers is studied and compared it with another material reinforced by carbon fibers(°0)with (1.75g/cm3) density ,and then these two types of fibers combined together in same matrix to make a hybrid composite material and also calculated the range of it's thermal conductivity coefficient .Fourier equation used to calculate the thermal conductivity coefficient(k) to obtained composite material and. the results obtained from thermal conductivity test show that the thermal conducting value of natural palms fibers higher than reinforcing with carbon and hybrid fibers .

Abstract The objective of this research is to study the effect of reinforcement by carbon fibers as woven roving (°90-°0) with density (1.75gcm3)on thermal conductivity for unsaturated polyester resin after reinforcing it by different percentage of fibers (20%, 40%,60%) and we used Fourier equation to calculate the thermal conductivity coefficient (k) . Also the mechanical properties of this resin was calculated with the same reinforcing percentage of fibers and these properties included : impact strength , tensile strength , compression strength , flexural strength , and hardness . The results show that improvement in thermal and mechanical properties after reinforced by fibers , and these properties will rise as increased in reinforcement percentage .

Abstract In This Work ,The producing composite materials to types of ceramic particles : by Die Compaction method and Samples prepared and fired at ( 1100 0C ). It is measuring Physical properties after use different Parameters such (different pressing pressure and Zirconia has been added with different) By showed the increased the physical properties bulk density, apparent density whith increased Zirconia by method linear becuse higher density material Zirconia )6 gm/cm3(.

Abstract A construction industry has a special characters, differs from the other industries; becomes of its huge size, continuous build up and the dependency of the others projects on it ( i.e projects builds needs constructions) and it can be argued that the construction industry, an industry productive To any successful project implementation it needed to consider all the integration between project phases.Any defect in the application of the project time schedule will tend to extra costs, delay fines and this will cause a loss of profit national economy because of the delay in the project commissioning time schedule and taking advantage of this project. The aims of this research are to study and analyze the defect in the time control system for projects construction. To get the objectives of the search, the researchers use to study previous literatures rummages deals with project time scheduling and control. In this study Cairo-UR Bridge project was selected for monitoring and follow up. We collecting and analysis the data to determine the deviation in the project time schedule. In this study we discussed a number of solutions to decline this deviation by adoption of scientific methods after the application of these solutions this deviation was decline but not completely disappear for many reasons, we explained it during this study.

Abstract Due to the importance of the hydraulic structures, sub-surface storage and the building on the problematic soil in Iraq, this work presents the methods for choosing the suitable footing (the behavior of a pile cap embedded into saturated cohesive soil), in other words, the comparison between pile cap when it contact with ground surface (pile cap as a raft footing) and it not contact with ground surface ( the resistance of the pile cap is negligible in calculation) such as pile group. The comparisons between two type footings are performed when the soil is very soft (low shear strength) and also when the soil is stiff (high strength). The stability of two types of footing is analyzed in terms vertical load and the generated displacement by using Plaxis program. The computer program uses a finite element technique to solve the three dimensional problems of variations in the ratio between pile length and cap width (L/B= 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 ) and to simulate the effects of the different types of cohesive soil which has shear strength equal to (Su=20,30,57.5,112.5 and 150 kPa). The analysis of the results of the very soft clay soil indicates when the model tests at ratios from (L/B=0.25) to (L/B=2.0), the load – displacement curve for pile group footing is steeper than the curve of the pile raft, this leads to high value of the resistance of the soil for pile group. In other words, the case of pile raft into very soft clay is more dangerous than the pile group. For model tests with (L/B= 3.0), the curves for pile group and pile raft footing are coincided with themselves at any load. The stability of pile raft in soil with ratios from (L/B=0.25) to (L/B=3.0) is high than for pile group embedded into very stiff clay soil.

Abstract The aim of this research is to study the effect of polymeric additives to water on friction coefficient change in a turbulent pipe flow which would cause in reduction of drag resistance. Experiment is done using the polyacrylamide ( PAM ) as polymeric additive to show the effect of addition of ( PAM ) with case low concentrations (0.005,0.013 , 0.025%) on the friction factor (λ) . The results show that the addition of (PAM) will reduce (λ) with a range from 6.51 to 37.95% comparable with the friction coefficient (λ) for water before addition in a turbulent flow case. Also a study of the addition effect of ( PAM ) with different concentrations between ( 0.005 – 0.06% ) on the reduction percent of (λ) is carried out . The results show increasing the effect of the addition (PAM ) cause in increasing the reduction percent Δλ / λ % with a range of 6.51 to 44.62% . It is found that the peak values called the optimum values)Cp*(of PAM between 0.03&0.042. Increasing the addition of PAM cause in decreasing the effect of reduction percent with concentrations at several Reynolds number as follows: ( Re = 25350 & 0.03%, Re = 28355& 0.033 % , Re=34981&0.038 % , Re=39360 & 0.039% , Re=44985 &0.042%).

Abstract This research deals with use of Lee's disc to measure the thermal conductivity and temperature change with respect to time through the thickness of the specimens of the unreinforced epoxy and reinforced epoxy by silica particles at different weight fraction and grain size. The results show that the thermal conductivity increased by increasing the weight fraction and reduced by increasing the grain size of silica particles by nonlinear relationship and the maximum difference between the unreinforced epoxy and reinforced epoxy was (0.445 W/m.ºc) at weight fraction (20 %) and grain size (20 µm) of silica particles, where at this value of weight fraction and grain size the thermal conductivity was maximum value (k= 0.61 W/m.ºc).

Abstract The flow of gas with a suspension of solid particles through venture has been analyzed theoretically. Computations of the flow parameters have been performed based on one-dimensional analysis and numerical solution of the governing equations by (physico – computational model). An investigation of pressure variation, velocity and temperature distributions across venture for air only and for gas-solid suspensions were carried out for specific air mass flow rate and solid loading ratio. Venture was used to produce a non-equilibrium two-phase flow region and the effects of solid particles on the pressure distribution have been considered. The effects of different loading ratios of (0.5 ,2 ,4) on pressure drop, gas and solid velocity and temperature distributions for the same particle diameter of 100 microns and for constant gas mass flow rate of (0.6 kg/s) are determined. Two sets of diameters of the solid particles (50, 200 microns) were used at the loading rate of (4). The most important conclusions obtained are that the increase loss of pressure due to the increased rate of loading, especially in the convergence of the Venturi, which ranges between (0.7 - 1.3) greater than the decrease of pressure in the divergence of the tube, or a decrease in the size of the particles of solid material, it range (0.7 - 1.1) for a range of particle size of (50-200 microns), where the increase in pressure loss resulting from the decrease of solid particles is greater than the loss of pressure due to increase the loading rate. Increasing the proportion of loading note a decline in the speed of the solid and the change of speed ranges between (1.1 to 2.1) and the change is evident in the spacing of the Venturi. And we get the same effect in the case of decrease in the volume of solid. And shows the amount of change in the speed of solid particles to the change of the size of the particles at a range of (1.6 to 2.7) and appears in the throat and the divergence clearly compared to the convergence of the Venturi.