Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences

Structural behavior of concentrically loaded GFRP-RPC circular columns

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Mohamed Qassim Kadhim
Hassan Falah Hassan

Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq

10.30772/qjes.2024.145922.1079
Abstract
The behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) members with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars has been the focus of several studies in previous years. However, a study to investigate the behavior of reactive powder concrete (RPC) columns reinforced with GFRP bars (GFRP-RPC) has not been conducted. This study aimed to study the structural behavior of circular columns fully reinforced with GFRP bars and hoops or spirals. In the present study, the behavior of GFRP-RPC circular columns under axial load is studied with the effect of four variables: longitudinal reinforcement ratio, transverse reinforcement ratio, transverse reinforcement configuration (hoops vs. spirals), and type of longitudinal reinforcement (GFRP, steel, and hybrid). Twenty circular columns with a diameter of 150 mm and a height of 1000 mm were cast and tested, divided into seven groups. Results discuss failure modes, axial load capacity, deformations (displacement and strains), and ductility. Test results indicate that the load capacity of the columns increased by ranging from approximately 46 to 56.25% when the longitudinal reinforcement ratio increased from 1.77 to 3.55%, also increased the transverse reinforcement ratio from 1.24 to 2.48% enhanced the load capacity ranging from approximately 5.13 to 19.1%. Moreover, the nominal capacity of GFRP-RPC columns was compared with the design equations so, the results were verified.

Keywords

Concrete column
Glass fiber
Reinforced polymer
Hoops
Reactive powder concrete
Spirals
  • Othman and A. Mohammad, “Behaviour of eccentric concrete columns reinforced with carbon fibre-reinforced polymer bars,” Advances in civil engineering, vol. 2019, no. 1, p. 1769212, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1769212
  • H. Mohamed, M. Afifi, and B. Benmokrane, “Performance evaluation of concrete columns reinforced longitudinally with FRP bars and confined with FRP hoops and spirals under axial load,” Journal of Bridge Engineering, vol. 19, no. 7, p. 04014020, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000590
  • ACI-440.1R-15, Guide for the design and construction of structural concrete reinforced with FRP Bars. American Concrete Institute (ACI), Committee ACI, Farmington Hills, USA, 2015.
  • Mohamed and B. Benmokrane, “Design and performance of reinforced concrete water chlorination tank totally reinforced with GFRP bars: Case study,” Journal of Composites for Construction, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 05013001, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000429
  • Hamed and H. Hassan, “Structural behavior of GFRP-RC slender columns under various eccentricity loading conditions,” Civil And Environmental Engineering Reports, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1–16, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2023-0001
  • Hassan and R. Hamed, “Fiber RC-FRP columns under various eccentricity loading conditions: State of art review,” AIP Conference Proceedings: AIP Publishing, vol. 41, no. 1, p. 080035, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0148887
  • CAN/CSA-S806-12, “Design and construction of building components with fiber reinforced polymers,” Canadian Standard Association (CSA), Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, 2012.
  • CSA-S807-19, “Specification for fibre-reinforced polymers,” Canadian Standard Association (CSA), Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2019.
  • ACI-440.1R-06, “Guide for the design and construction of structural concrete reinforced with FRP bars,” American Concrete Institute (ACI), Farmington Hills, MI, USA, 2006.
  • ACI-Code-440.11-22, “Building code requirements for structural concrete reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars.” American Concrete Institute (ACI), 2022.
  • Richard and M. Cheyrezy, “Composition of reactive powder concretes,” Cement and concrete research, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 1501–1511, 1995. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00144-2
  • Li, F. Wu, L. Bu, Y. Liu, and J. Yao, “Study on the compression performance of steel reactive powder concrete columns,” Advances in Structural Engineering, vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 2018–2029, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433220903986
  • Mohammed, L. Yassin, and M. Hamid, “Experimental investigation on the ultimate capacity of rectangular reinforced hybrid concrete columns under axial load,” GEOMATE Journal, vol. 23, no. 95, pp. 112–118, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.21660/2022.95.3210
  • Zhang, M. Zhang, K. Wang, J. Shi, W. Chen, and K. Yan, “Axial compressive behavior of steel-reinforced reactive powder concrete short columns,” Structures, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 433–444, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.10.073
  • Hadi, H. Hasan, and M. Sheikh, “Experimental investigation of circular high-strength concrete columns reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced polymer bars and helices under different loading conditions,” Journal of Composites for Construction, vol. 21, no. 4, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000784
  • Duy, V. Anh, N. Minh, T. Anh, and P. Eduardovich, “Load-carrying capacity of short concrete columns reinforced with glass fiber reinforced polymer bars under concentric axial load,” International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 1712–1719, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.b2372.129219
  • El-Gamal and O. Alshareedah, “Experimental study on the performance of circular concrete columns reinforced with GFRP under axial load,” International Conference on Civil Infrastructure and Construction (CIC 2020), vol. 2020, no. 1, pp. 877–885, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.29117/cic.2020.0115
  • Elchalakani, T. Aly, and W. Nawaz, “Behavior of circular concrete columns reinforced with GFRP bars and spirals under axial and eccentric loading,” Concrete Institute of Australia’s 30th National Conference 2021, Australian Concrete Institute, pp. 1–8, 2021. [Online]. Available: http://www.ciaconference.com.au/concrete2021/pdf/full-paper 25.pdf
  • Gouda, H. Mohamed, A. Manalo, and B. Benmokrane, “Behavior of hollow glass fiber-reinforced polymer-reinforced concrete columns under axial load: Experimental and theoretical investigation,” ACI Structural Journal, vol. 119, no. 6, pp. 289–302, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.14359/51736117
  • Sarsam, Kaiss, and H. Hassan, “Punching shear failure characteristics of flat slabs using reactive and modified powder concrete with steel fibers,” Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, vol. 17, no. 5, p. 124–140, Nov. 2013. [Online]. Available: https://jeasd.uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/index.php/jeasd/article/view/1061
  • ASTM-C109/C109M-21, “Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars (using 2-in. or [50mm] cube specimens),” American Society for Testing and Materials, no. ICS Code: 91.100.10, p. 12, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1520/C0109 C0109M-21
  • ASTM-C1437-20, “Standard test method for flow of hydraulic cement mortar,” American Society for Testing and Materials, no. ASTM C1437-20, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1520/C1437-20
  • Richard and M. Cheyrezy, “Reactive powder concretes with high ductility and 200-800 MPa compressive strength,” Special Publication in ACI Spring Convention, 144(1994) 507-518, 1994. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.14359/4536
  • Kasser, “Mechanical properties of reactive powder self compacting concrete,” M.Sc. Thesis, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq, 2007.
  • Mahdi, “Properties of self compacted reactive powder concrete exposed to saline solution,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq, 2009.
  • ASTM-C39/C39M-21, “Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens,” American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), no. ICS Code: 91.100.30, p. 5, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1520/C0039 C0039M-21
  • ASTM-C496/C496M-17, “Standard test method for splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens,” American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), no. ICS Code: 91.100.30, p. 5, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1520/C0496 C0496M-17
  • Manufacturer-Factory, “Nanjing fenghui composite co. ltd.china: producer of composite reinforcing elements for design and construction. china.” [Online]. Available: https://njfenghui.en.made-in-china.com/
  • ASTM-D7205/D7205M-21, “Standard test method for tensile properties of fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite bars,” American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), no. ICS Code: 91.100.30, p. 8, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1520/D7205 D7205M-21
  • ASTM-A615/A615M-22, “Standard specification for deformed and plain carbon-steel bars for concrete reinforcement,” American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), vol. 01.04, p. 8, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1520/A0615 A0615M-22
  • Afifi, H. Mohamed, and B. Benmokrane, “Theoretical stress–strain model for circular concrete columns confined by GFRP spirals and hoops,” Engineering Structures, vol. 102, pp. 202–213, 2015. [Online]. Available: ,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.08.020
  • Tu, K. Gao, L. He, and X. Li, “Experimental study on the axial compression performance of GFRP-reinforced concrete square columns,” Advances in Structural Engineering, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 1554–1565, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433218817988
  • Raza and Q. Khan, “Experimental and theoretical study of GFRP hoops and spirals in hybrid fiber reinforced concrete short columns,” Materials and Structures, vol. 53, no. 139, pp. 1–14, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-020-01575-9
  • Elhamaymy, H. Mohamed, and B. Benmokrane, “Durability assessment and behavior under axial load of circular GFRP-RC piles conditioned in severe simulated marine environment,” Engineering Structures, vol. 249, p. 113376, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113376
  • Prachasaree, S. Piriyakootorn, A. Sangsrijun, and S. Limkatanyu, “Behavior and performance of GFRP reinforced concrete columns with various types of stirrups,” International Journal of Polymer Science, vol. 2015, no. 1, p. 237231, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/237231
  • Maranan, A. Manalo, B. Benmokrane, W. Karunasena, and P. Mendis, “Behavior of concentrically loaded geopolymer-concrete circular columns reinforced longitudinally and transversely with GFRP bars,” Engineering Structures, vol. 117, pp. 422–436, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.03.036
  • Raza, Q. u. Z. Khan, and A. Ahmad, “Investigation of HFRC columns reinforced with GFRP bars and spirals under concentric and eccentric loadings,” Engineering Structures, vol. 227, p. 111461, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111461
  • Elchalakani and G. Ma, “Tests of glass fibre reinforced polymer rectangular concrete columns subjected to concentric and eccentric axial loading,” Engineering Structures, vol. 151, no. 1, pp. 93–104, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.08.023
  • Elchalakani, M. Dong, A. Karrech, G. Li, M. M. Ali, and B. Yang, “Experimental investigation of rectangular air-cured geopolymer concrete columns reinforced with GFRP bars and stirrups,” Journal of Composites for Construction, vol. 23, no. 3, p. 04019011, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000938
  • Afifi, H. Mohamed, and B. Benmokrane, “Axial capacity of circular concrete columns reinforced with GFRP bars and spirals,” Journal of Composites for Construction, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 04013017, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000438
  • El-Gamal and O. AlShareedah, “Behavior of axially loaded low strength concrete columns reinforced with GFRP bars and spirals,” Engineering Structures, vol. 216, no. 3, p. 110732, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110732
  • Karim, B. Noel-Gough, M. Sheikh, and M. Hadi, “Strength and ductility behavior of circular concrete columns reinforced with GFRP bars and helices,” FRPRCS-12/APFIS-2015 - Joint Conference of the 12th International Symposium on Fiber Reinforced Polymers for Reinforced Concrete Structures (FRPRCS -12) and the 5th Asia-Pacific Conference on Fiber Reinforced Polymers in Structures (APFIS -2015, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://hdl.handle.net/10779/uow.27704277
  • Tabatabaei, A. Eslami, H. Mohamed, and B. Benmokrane, “Compression splices of GFRP bars in unconfined and confined concrete columns,” Journal of Composites for Construction, vol. 23, no. 6, p. 04019046, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000974
  • Pantelides, M. Gibbons, and L. Reaveley, “Axial load behavior of concrete columns confined with GFRP spirals,” Journal of Composites for Construction, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 305–313, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000357
  • Elchalakani, M. Dong, A. Karrech, M. M. Ali, and J. Huo, “Circular concrete columns and beams reinforced with GFRP bars and spirals under axial, eccentric, and flexural loading,” Journal of Composites for Construction, vol. 24, no. 3, p. 04020008, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001008
  • Hadi, S. Ali, and M. Sheikh, “Experimental study of GFRP-reinforced geopolymer concrete columns under different loading conditions,” Journal of Composites for Construction, vol. 25, no. 6, p. 04021052, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001164
  • Ali, “Behavior of fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete circular columns reinforced with GFRP bars and GFRP helices under different loading conditions, PhD dissertation,” University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia, 2021.
  • Hasan, M. Sheikh, and M. Hadi, “Performance evaluation of high strength concrete and steel fibre high strength concrete columns reinforced with GFRP bars and helices,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 134, pp. 297–310, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.124
  • Hasan, M. Sheikh, and M. Hadi, “Maximum axial load carrying capacity of fibre reinforced-polymer (FRP) bar reinforced concrete columns under axial compression,” Structures, vol. 19, pp. 227–233, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2018.12.012
  • AS-3600:2018, “AS-3600, concrete structures, Australia Standards (AS), Sydney, Australia, BD-002 (concrete structures),” Standards Catalogue, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.standards.org.au/standards-catalogue/standard-details?designation=as-3600-2018
  • Hadhood, H. Mohamed, and B. Benmokrane, “Strength of circular HSC columns reinforced internally with carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer bars under axial and eccentric loads,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 141, pp. 366–378, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.117
  • Hadi, H. Karim, and M. Sheikh, “Experimental investigations on circular concrete columns reinforced with GFRP bars and helices under different loading conditions,” Journal of Composites for Construction, vol. 20, no. 4, p. 04016009, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000670
  • Afifi, H. Mohamed, and B. Benmokrane, “Strength and axial behavior of circular concrete columns reinforced with CFRP bars and spirals,” Journal of Composites for Construction, vol. 18, no. 2, p. 04013035, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000430
  • Tobbi, A. Farghaly, and B. Benmokrane, “Concrete columns reinforced longitudinally and transversally with glass fiber-reinforced polymer bars,” ACI Structural Journal, vol. 109, no. 4, p. 551–558, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.14359/51683874
  • L´egeron and P. Paultre, “Uniaxial confinement model for normal-and high-strength concrete columns,” Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 129, no. 2, pp. 241–252, 2003. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:2(241)

 

Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences
Volume 18, Issue 4
Autumn 2025
Pages 447-464

  • Receive Date 08 January 2024
  • Revise Date 10 September 2024
  • Accept Date 19 August 2025

Article View 12,754
PDF Download 1,033

Submit Manuscript

Guide for Authors

Article Processing Charges (APC)

Reviewers

Call for Reviewers

Contact Us