Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Baghdad, Iraq
2 Roads and Transportation Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah 58002, Iraq
3 Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al- Diwaniyah 58002, Iraq
10.30772/qjes.2024.154598.1419
Abstract
The exploitation of locally available and abundant natural resources such as silica sand and its use as a supplementary cementitious material in the production of grout used in semi-flexible pavement (SFP) surfaces is of paramount importance in reducing transportation costs and emissions, contributing to more sustainable development practices, and reducing the overall environmental impact of cement plants. SFP or injected pavement, is a porous asphalt structure with 25–35% voids, filled with cementitious grout. SFP is distinguished by its robustness, resistance to deformation, and exceptional longevity, enabling it to endure substantial traffic loads and extreme weather conditions, hence offering a strong and dependable road surface that is comparatively simpler to maintain than other road construction types. This study focuses on developing a novel sustainable cementitious grout for SFP by partially substituting traditional cement with quartz silica sand powder (QSP) in different proportions (10%, 20%, and 30%). The grout mixtures were evaluated for flow and mechanical properties. Also, SFP samples were made by adding a 5% SBS modifier to a hot mix porous asphalt (HMPA) and then filling the holes with a predesigned cement-based grout then these samples were assessed for Marshall stability and moisture damage resistance tests. The results demonstrated that replacing cement with more than 10% of QSP reduces compressive strength and stability. This is due to the reduction in workability caused by water absorption in the grout mixture. This, in turn, increases the water-to-cement ratio to achieve the required fluidity, as well as increasing the porosity and decreasing the volume of hydration products. Therefore, this study suggests that 10% of QSP is the optimum replacement ratio as it achieves the required fluidity and increases the compressive strength, stability, and tensile strength ratio by 20.7%, 13.4%, and 12.0% respectively at 28 days of curing compared to the reference grout mixture. This mixture is considered suitable as it combines the properties of durability and environmental objectives by reducing the grinding energy and its use in severe conditions.
Keywords
- Al-Nawasir, R., et al., Effect of glass waste powder and date palm seed ash based sustainable cementitious grouts on the performance of semi-flexible pavement. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2024. 21: p. e03453. 1315/1232/1/012039
- Khan, M.I., Robust prediction models for flow and compressive strength of sustainable cement grouts for grouted macadam pavement using RSM. Construction and Building Materials, 2024. 448: p. 138205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.138205
- Al-Nawasir, R., B. Al-Humeidawi, and A. Shubbar, Influence of Sustainable Grout Material on the Moisture Damage of Semi-flexible Pavement. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering, https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.23373
- Luo, S., et al., Open-graded asphalt concrete grouted by latex modified cement mortar. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2020. 21(1): p. 61-77. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.23373
- Li, X. and J. Hao, New preparation of super-early-strength grouting materials by ternary complex system. Advances in Cement Research, 2018. 30(4): p. 139-147. https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.17.00077
- Messer, K., Fahem, A., T. Guthai, A., P. Singh, R. (2022). 'The experimental methods and elastic properties of shale bedding planes materials state-of-the-art review', Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences, 15(2), pp. 126-130. doi: 10.30772/qjes.v15i2.823
- Khan, M.I., et al., Effective use of recycled waste PET in cementitious grouts for developing sustainable semi-flexible pavement surfacing using artificial neural network (ANN). Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022. 340: p. 130840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130840
- Al-Humeidawi, B., et al., Developing an eco-friendly cementitious grout using paper sludge ash and steel fiber recovered from waste tires. Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences, 2024. 17(2). https://doi.org/10.30772/qjes.2024.149787.1239
- Zoorob, S., K. Hassan, and A. Setyawan, Cold mix, cold laid semi-flexible grouted macadams, mix design and properties, in Performance of Bituminous and Hydraulic Materials in Pavements. 2017, Routledge. p. 105-112.
- Hou, S., T. Xu, and K. Huang, Investigation into engineering properties and strength mechanism of grouted macadam composite materials. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2016. 17(10): p. 878-886.https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2015.1024467
- Zamir Hashmi, S.R., et al., Prediction of strength properties of concrete containing waste marble aggregate and stone dust—modeling and optimization using RSM. Materials, 2022. 15(22): p. 8024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228024
- Khan, M.I., et al., Fatigue prediction model and stiffness modulus for semi-flexible pavement surfacing using irradiated waste polyethylene terephthalate-based cement grouts. Coatings, 2022. 13(1): p. 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010076
- Hassani, A., M. Taghipoor, and M.M. Karimi, A state of the art of semi-flexible pavements: Introduction, design, and performance. Construction and Building Materials, 2020. 253: p. 119196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119196
- Khan, M.I., et al., Cementitious grouts for semi-flexible pavement surfaces—a review. Materials, 2022. 15(15): p. 5466. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155466
- Xiong, Y. and H. Wang, Analysis of the grouting fullness and road performance of hot-recycled semi-flexible pavement materials. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2024. 20: p. e02755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02755
- Al-Nawasir, R.I. and B.H. Al-Humeidawi. Efficient use of ceramic waste powder in Cementitious Grout for the Development of Sustainable Semi-Flexible Pavement Surfaces. in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2023. IOP Publishing.1088/1755-1315/1232/1/012039
- Venkata Sudhakar, C. and U. Reddy, Impacts of cement industry air pollutants on the environment and satellite data applications for air quality monitoring and management. Environ Monit Assess, 2023. 195(840): p. 840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11408-1
- Al-Nawasir, R.I. and B.H. Al-Humeidawi, A scientometric study and a bibliometric review of the literature on the design and construction of semi-flexible pavement. Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences, 2023. 16(2).30772/qjes.v16i2.921
- Shammas, N.K., L.K. Wang, and M.-H.S. Wang, Sources, chemistry and control of acid rain in the environment, in Handbook of environment and waste management: Acid rain and greenhouse gas pollution control. 2020, World Scientific. p. 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811207136_0001
- Sivalingam, S., G. Vishal, and B. Anush, Environmental and health effects of acid rain, in Health and Environmental Effects of Ambient Air Pollution. 2024, Elsevier. p. 91-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-16088-2.00007-7
- Juenger, M.C., R. Snellings, and S.A. Bernal, Supplementary cementitious materials: New sources, characterization, and performance insights. Cement and Concrete Research, 2019. 122: p. 257-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.05.008
- Lin, R.-S., X.-Y. Wang, and G.-Y. Zhang, Effects of quartz powder on the microstructure and key properties of cement paste. Sustainability, 2018. 10(10): p. 3369. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103369
- Tamar-Agha, M.Y. and A.A. Ibrahim, The silica sand deposits in the western desert of Iraq: an overeview. IRAQI BULLETIN OF GEOLOGY AND MINING, 2019(8): p. 225-240.
- Prasetyo, A.B., et al., Fabrication of high purity silica precipitates from quartz sand toward photovoltaic application. Journal of Ceramic Processing Research, 2023. 24(1): p. 103-110. https://doi.org/10.36410/jcpr.2023.24.1.103
- Liu, M., et al., Hydration and material properties of blended cement with ground desert sand. Construction and Building Materials, 2023. 389: p. 131624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131624
- Dahmani, S. and A. Kriker. Contribution to the physical-mechanical study of cement CRS basis of dune-sand powder and other minerals. in AIP Conference Proceedings. 2016. AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4959438
- Arroudj, K., et al., Use of Algerian natural mineral deposit as supplementary cementitious materials. International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa, 2018. 34: p. 48-58.https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/JERA.34.48
- Zaitri, R., S. Guettala, and M. Bederina, Physico-mechanical properties of mortars based on the addition of dune sand powder and the recycled fines using the mixture design modelling approach. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 2018. 32(15): p. 1613-1628. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2018.1434032
- Lin, R.-S. and X.-Y. Wang, Effects of cement types and addition of quartz and limestone on the normal and carbonation curing of cement paste. Construction and Building Materials, 2021. 305: p. 124799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124799
- Tavares, L.R.C., et al., Influence of quartz powder and silica fume on the performance of Portland cement. Scientific reports, 2020. 10(1): p. 21461. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78567-w
- Douadi, A., et al., Physical and Mechanical Effects of Silica Sand in Cement Mortars: Experimental and Statistical Modeling. Materials, 2023. 16(21): p. 6861. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16216861
- Nécira, B., A. Guettala, and S. Guettala, Study of the combined effect of different types of sand on the characteristics of high performance self-compacting concrete. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 2017. 31(17): p. 1912-1928. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2017.1289829
- ASTM C494, Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete. Book of ASTM Standards, 2013. 4.
- ASTM D7064,Standard practice for open-graded friction course (OGFC) mix design. 2013 c.
- Al-Nawasir, R.I. and B.H. Al-Humeidawi, Qualitative Evaluation for Asphalt Binder Modified with SBS Polymer. Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences, 2023. 30(4): p. 88-101. https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.4.10
- ASTM C127 Standard test method for density, relative density (specific gravity), and absorption of coarse aggregate ,2012.
- ASTM D5821, Standard Test Method for determining the percentage of fractured particles in coarse aggregate, American Society for Testing Material. 2014d: West Conshohocken, PA, United States.
- ASTM C131, Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine, American Society for Testing Material. 2014b: West Conshohocken, PA, United States.
- ASTM D4791,Standard test method for flat particles, elongated particles, or flat and elongated particles in coarse aggregate. West Conshohocken (PA),USA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 2010.
- ASTM C142,Standard Test Method for Clay Lumps and Friable Particles in Aggregates. American Society for Testing Material, 2010c.
- ASTM C128, Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Fine Aggregate, American Society for Testing Material. 2015d: West Conshohocken, PA, United States.
- ASTM C939, Standard test method for flow of grout for preplaced-aggregate concrete (flow cone method), American Society for Testing Material. 2010a: Conshohocken, PA, United States.
- ASTM C942, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Grouts for Preplaced-Aggregate Concrete in the Laboratory, American Society for Testing Material. 2010b: Conshohocken, PA, United States.
- ASTM D1559,Standard Test Method For Resistance To Plastic Flow of Bituminous Mixtures Using Marshall Apparatus. 1989.
- ASTM D6927, Standard Test Method for Marshall Stability and Flow of Asphalt Mixtures. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2015.
- ASTM D5, Standard Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials, American Society for Testing Material. 2013b: West Conshohocken, PA, United States.
- ASTM D36, Standard test method for softening point of bitumen (ring-and-ball apparatus). Am. Soc. Test. Mater. West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2014.
- ASTM D113, Standard Test Method for Ductility of Bituminous Materials, American Society for Testing Material. 2007: West Conshohocken, PA, United States.
- ASTM D92, Standard test method for flash and fire points by Cleveland open cup. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2002.
- ASTM D5801, Standard Test method For Toughness and Tenacity of Bituminous Materials in American Society for Testing and Materials , West Conshohocken,PA,USA. 2006. p. 1-4.
- AASHTO T240, Standard Method of Test for Effect of Heat and Air on a Moving Film of Asphalt Binder (Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test). American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials: Washington, DC, USA, 2013.
- AASHTO T301, Standard method of test for elastic recovery test of asphalt materials by means of a ductilometer. 2010.
- Kakar, M.R., M.O. Hamzah, and J. Valentin, A review on moisture damages of hot and warm mix asphalt and related investigations. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015. 99: p. 39-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.028
- ASTM D4867, Standard Test Method for Effect of Moisture on Asphalt Concrete Paving Mixtures, American Society for Testing Material. 2014c: West Conshohocken, PA, United States.
- Amini, M.M., M. Ghanepour, and O. Rezaifar, Experimental analysis of the impact of alternating magnetic fields on the compressive strength of concrete with various silica sand and microsilica compositions. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2024. 21: p. e03487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03487
- Chen, Z., et al., A review of grouting materials for pouring semi-flexible pavement: Materials, design and performance. Construction and Building Materials, 2023. 379: p. 131235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131235
- ASTM C618-19, Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete, 2012. 4.
- Platias, S., K. Vatalis, and G. Charalampides, Suitability of quartz sands for different industrial applications. Procedia economics and finance, 2014. 14: p. 491-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00738-2
- Arroudj, K., M. Lanez, and M. Oudjit, Characterization of cement mortar based on fine quartz. International Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering, 2017. 9(9): p. 1278-1281.
- Sukmana, N.C., et al. Optimization of cellular lightweight concrete using silica sand of sandblasting waste based on factorial experimental design. in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2019. IOP Publishing. 1088/1757-899X/509/1/012096
- Menéndez, E., et al., Sustainable and durable performance of pozzolanic additions to prevent alkali-silica reaction (ASR) promoted by aggregates with different reaction rates. Applied Sciences, 2020. 10(24): p. 9042. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10249042
- Mane, K.M., D. Kulkarni, and K. Prakash, Properties and microstructure of concrete using pozzolanic materials and manufactured sand as partial replacement of fine aggregate. SN Applied Sciences, 2019. 1: p. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1059-2
- Belebchouche, C., et al., Mechanical and microstructural properties of ordinary concrete with high additions of crushed glass. Materials, 2021. 14(8): p. 1872. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081872
- Małek, M., et al., Effect of waste glass addition as a replacement for fine aggregate on properties of mortar. Materials, 2020. 13(14): p. 3189. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143189
- Jurczak, R., et al., Effect of ground waste glass addition on the strength and durability of low strength concrete mixes. Materials, 2021. 14(1): p. 190. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010190
- Salah Uddin, K.M., et al., Dissolution of portlandite in pure water: part 1 molecular dynamics (MD) approach. Materials, 2022. 15(4): p. 1404. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041404
- Izadifar, M., et al., Dissolution of portlandite in pure water: Part 2 atomistic kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) approach. Materials, 2022. 15(4): p. 1442. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041442
- Vandhiyan, R., T. Vijay, and M. Kumar, Effect of fine aggregate properties on cement mortar strength. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021. 37: p. 2019-2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.498
- Kaushik, S. and A.K. Siddagangaiah, Characterisation of cement grouted bituminous mixes using marginal aggregates. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2022. 23(3): p. 666-683. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2020.1828152
- Kumar, D.H., et al., Effect of aggregate gradation and bitumen type on mechanical properties of semi-flexible asphalt mixtures. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2023. 18: p. e02025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02025
- Gupta, L. and R. Kumar, Recarpeting using cement grouted bituminous mix in urban flexible pavement: a laboratory and field evaluation. Australian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2021. 19(2): p. 235-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/14488353.2021.189612
- De la Varga, I., et al., Evaluating the hydration of high volume fly ash mixtures using chemically inert fillers. Construction and Building Materials, 2018. 161: p. 221-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.132
)
