Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Collage of Engineering, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq
2 Department of Mathematics, Capital University of Science and Technology (CUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
10.30772/qjes.2024.153932.1401
Abstract
The present study examines numerically the combustion, performance, and emissions parameters of diesel engines powered by different grades of diesel. The Diesel-RK software version 4.3.0.189 is used to simulate the combustion process with a multi-zone model. The Iraqi diesel, EN 590, Heavy diesel, and light diesel are considered. Their energy content, sulfur, cetane number, and other additives are different, hence it's logical to observe different results. The condition of full load point is selected since the air-to-fuel ratio is minimum, hence a better comparison among the fuels is captured. The diesel EN 590 reported a lower ignition delay ( 9.1 deg.) due to the lower cetane number, while it is 10.8, deg. 17.4 deg., and 14.1 deg. for Iraqi diesel, heavy diesel, and light diesel respectively. Compared to other fuels considered the light diesel offered lower fuel consumption and higher thermal efficiency. The results showed less CO2 emissions in the case of light diesel (778.3 kg/kWh), compared to heavy diesel which had an obvious rise in CO2 emissions (817.08 kg/kWh). The difference in the density chemical structure, the results showed that Bosh smoke number (BSN) values of Iraqi, and EN 590 diesel were almost the same at 1.39, and 1.385 respectively, while the BSN of light diesel was slightly higher at 1.44 compared to 1.8 for heavy diesel. The higher NOx levels of about 2400 and 2225 ppm, respectively, were produced by Iraqi and EN 590 diesel. But out of all the fuels, heavy diesel had the lowest NOx rating, at 1000 ppm.The accuracy of the software used is validated with the results of other studies.
Keywords
- Musthafa, M.M., et al., A comparative study on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fuelled by biodiesel blends with and without an additive. Fuel, 2018. 225: p. 343-348. DOI: http://10.1016/j.fuel.2018.03.147.
- Zhang, Z., et al., Investigation on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with diesel/alcohol/n-butanol blended fuels. 320: p. 123975. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123975.
- Zhang, Y., et al., A Comprehensive Review of the Properties, Performance, Combustion, and Emissions of the Diesel Engine Fueled with Different Generations of Biodiesel. 10(6): p. 1178. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10061178.
- Demirbas, A. and H.S. Bamufleh, Optimization of crude oil refining products to valuable fuel blends. Petroleum Science and Technology, 2017. 35(4): p. 406-412. DOI: 10.1080/10916466.2016.1261162.
- Bolf, N., G. Galinec, and T. Baksa, Development of a soft sensor for diesel fuel quality estimation. Chemical Engineering and Technology, 2010. 33(3): p. 405-413. DOI: 10.1002/ceat.200900435.
- Murphy, F., et al., The evaluation of viscosity and density of blends of Cyn-diesel pyrolysis fuel with conventional diesel fuel in relation to compliance with fuel specifications EN 590:2009. Fuel, 2012. 91(1): p. 112-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.06.032.
- Ulberth-Buchgraber, M., J. Charoud-Got, and A. Held, Certified reference materials for effective automotive diesel fuel testing. Fuel, 2021. 286: p. 119367. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119367.
- Konjević, L., et al., A comprehensive study on application properties of diesel blends with propanol, butanol, isobutanol, pentanol, hexanol, octanol and dodecanol. Energy, 2023. 262: p. 125430. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.125430.
- Kar, Y., D.Ş. Göksu, and Y. Yalman, Characterization of light diesel fraction obtained from upgraded heavy oil. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 2018. 27(4): p. 1301-1304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2018.08.001.
- Mahfouz, A., et al., Comparative study of combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions of waste cooking-diesel oil blends. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 2018. 9(4): p. 3123-3134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2018.03.004.
- Gad, M.S., A. Mahfouz, and A. Emara, Spray and combustion characteristics for light diesel/waste cooking oils blended with fuel additives inside an industrial boiler. Fuel, 2021. 286: p. 119247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119247.
- Millo, F., et al., A fundamental study of injection and combustion characteristics of neat Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) as a fuel for light-duty diesel engines. Fuel, 2025. 379: p. 132951. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.132951.
- Hao, Y., et al., Numerical simulation on structural optimization design of combustion chamber of high strength diesel engine. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects, 2022. 44(4): p. 9682-9702. DOI: 10.1080/15567036.2022.2136796.
- Akbarian, E. and B. Najafi, A novel fuel containing glycerol triacetate additive, biodiesel and diesel blends to improve dual-fuelled diesel engines performance and exhaust emissions. Fuel, 2019. 236: p. 666-676. DOI: 1016/j.fuel.2018.08.142.
- Dhahad, H.A., et al., Influence of fuel injection timing strategies on performance, combustion, emissions and particulate matter characteristics fueled with rapeseed methyl ester in modern diesel engine. Fuel, 2021. 306. DOI:1016/j.fuel.2021.121589.
- Al-Dawody, M. and s.K. Bhatti, Effect of variable compression ratio on the combustion, performance and emission parameters of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel and soybean biodiesel blending. World Applied Sciences Journal, 2014. 30: p. 1852-1858. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2014.30.12.338.
- Musthafa, M.M., A comparative study on coated and uncoated diesel engine performance and emissions running on dual fuel (LPG – biodiesel) with and without additive. Industrial Crops and Products, 2019. 128: p. 194-198. DOI:1016/j.indcrop.2018.11.012.
- Talib Hashem, G., M.F. Al-Dawody, and I.E. Sarris, The characteristics of gasoline engines with the use of LPG: An experimental and numerical study. 18: p. 100316. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijft.2023.100316.
- Al-Dawody, M.F., et al., Thermal characteristics of gasoline engine powered by petrol and LPG under variable speed, compression ratio. Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2024. DOI: 1080/14484846.2024.2366612.
- Al-Tayyar, M.A., et al. Premixed Flame Characteristics for LPG/Air Mixture With CO2 Dilution. in AIP Conference Proceedings. 2023. DOI: 1063/5.0182428
- Chaichan, M.T., Performance and emission characteristics of CIE using hydrogen, biodiesel, and massive EGR. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2018. 43(10): p. 5415-5435. DOI:1016/j.ijhydene.2017.09.072
- Yue, Y., Y.J.S.E.T. Ying, and Assessments, Real option analysis for emission reduction investment under the sulfur emission control. 45: p. 101055
- Yue, Y. and Y. Ying, Real option analysis for emission reduction investment under the sulfur emission control. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2021. 45. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101055.
- Van Hoecke, L., et al., Challenges in the use of hydrogen for maritime applications. Energy and Environmental Science, 2021. 14(2): p. 815-843. DOI: 1039/d0ee01545h
- Mentese, S. and B. Selcuk, Assessment of ambient air quality, meteorological parameters, and emission source characteristics of Çanakkale, Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2022. 19(2): p. 1025-1040. DOI:1007/s13762-021-03494-w.
- Ahmed, W.K., et al., Environmental impact of using generators in the university of technology in Baghdad, Iraq. 6(6): p. 272-281. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18186/thermal.822496.
- Chaichan, M.T., H.A. Kazem, and T.A. Abed, Traffic and outdoor air pollution levels near highways in Baghdad, Iraq. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2018. 20(2): p. 589-603. DOI: 1007/s10668-016-9900-x.
- Abollé, A., L. Kouakou, and H. Planche, The viscosity of diesel oil and mixtures with straight vegetable oils: Palm, cabbage palm, cotton, groundnut, copra and sunflower. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009. 33(9): p. 1116-1121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.01.012
- Tariq, A.I. and A.M. Saleh, An experimental investigation into the combustion properties, performance, emissions, and cost reduction of using heavy and light fuel oils. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 2023. 44: p. 102832. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2023.102832.
- Guido, C., et al., Chemical/Physical Features of Particles Emitted from a Modern Automotive Dual-Fuel Methane–Diesel Engine. Energy & Fuels, 2018. 32(10): p. 10154-10162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b01011.
- Al-Dawody, M.F. and S.K. Bhatti, Optimization strategies to reduce the biodiesel NOx effect in diesel engine with experimental verification. Energy Conversion and Management, 2013. 68: p. 96-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2012.12.025
- Al-Dawody, M.F. and M.S. Edam, Experimental and numerical investigation of adding castor methyl ester and alumina nanoparticles on performance and emissions of a diesel engine. Fuel, 2022. 307: p. 121784. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121784.
- Al-Dawody, M.F. and S. Bhatti, Optimization strategies to reduce the biodiesel NOx effect in diesel engine with experimental verification. Energy conversion and management, 2013. 68: p. 96-104. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2012.12.025.
- Kuleshov, A. and K. Mahkamov, Multi-zone diesel fuel spray combustion model for the simulation of a diesel engine running on biofuel. 222(3): p. 309-321. DOI: 10.1243/09576509jpe530.
- Hiroyasu, H., T. Kadota, and M. Arai, Supplementary Comments: Fuel Spray Characterization in Diesel Engines. Combustion Modeling in Reciprocating Engines, 1980: p. 369-408. DOI:1007/978-1-4899-5298-1_12.
- Al-Amir, Q.R., M.F. Al-Dawody, and A.m. Abd, Design of Cooling System for an Automotive using Exhaust Gasses of Turbocharged Diesel Engine. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series C, 2022. 103(3): p. 325-337. DOI: 10.1007/s40032-021-00787-4.
- Al-Dawody, M.F., et al., Mechanical engineering advantages of a dual fuel diesel engine powered by diesel and aqueous ammonia blends. Fuel, 2023. 346: p. 128398. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128398
- Kuleshov, A., Model for predicting air-fuel mixing, combustion and emissions in DI diesel engines over whole operating range. 2005, SAE Technical Paper DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-2119.
- Kuleshov, A., Use of multi-zone DI diesel spray combustion model for simulation and optimization of performance and emissions of engines with multiple injection. 2006, SAE Technical Paper DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-1385.
- Reiter, A.J. and S.-C. Kong, Combustion and emissions characteristics of compression-ignition engine using dual ammonia-diesel fuel. Fuel, 2011. 90(1): p. 87-97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.07.055.
- Dasari, S.R., et al., In-situ alkaline transesterification of castor seeds: Optimization and engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics of blends. Energy Conversion and Management, 2017. 142: p. 200-214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.03.044.
- Prakash, T., et al., Effect of ternary blends of bio-ethanol, diesel and castor oil on performance, emission and combustion in a CI engine. Renewable Energy, 2018. 122: p. 301-309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.01.070.
- Rajak, U., et al., Numerical investigation of performance, combustion and emission characteristics of various biofuels. Energy Conversion and Management, 2018. 156: p. 235-252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.11.017.
- Al-Obaidi, W., M.F. Al-Dawody, and K. Al-Farhany, Effect of hybrid fuels of aqueous ammonia, dimethyl ether, biodiesel and diesel fuel on thermal performance of diesel engine. International Journal of Heat and Technology, 2024. 42(3): p. 812-822. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18280/ijht.420311.
- Heywood, J., Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals 2E. 2018: McGraw Hill LLC.
- Mohsen, M.J., et al., Experimental and numerical study of using of LPG on characteristics of dual fuel diesel engine under variable compression ratio. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2023. 16(8): p. 104899. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104899.
- Franzetti, J., et al., Measuring NOx during periodic technical inspection of diesel vehicles. Environmental Sciences Europe, 2024. 36(1). DOI: 1186/s12302-024-01002-8.
- Murad, M.E. and M.F. Al-Dawody, Effect of microalgae biodiesel blending on diesel engine characteristics. 51(7): p. 6616-6640. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/htj.22615.
)
