Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences

Life cycle assessment of citronella Oil supply Chain: A comparative two production process methods

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Trisna Trisna 1
Muhammad Zakaria 1
Mochamad Ari Saptari 2

1 Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Technique, Universitas Malikussaleh, Kampus Bukit Indah, Jalan Batam, Blang Pulo, Aceh, Indonesia.

2 Information System Department, Faculty of Technique, Universitas Malikussaleh, Kampus Bukit Indah, Jalan Batam, Blang Pulo, Aceh, Indonesia.

10.30772/qjes.2025.162014.1611
Abstract
Generally, the production processes of citronella (Cymbopogon Nardus) oil refining in Aceh are traditionally carried out, making them less efficient in resource usage. Every activity along the citronella supply chain has an environmental impact due to raw materials, water, and energy resources. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the environmental impacts caused by activities along the citronella oil supply chain based on a life cycle assessment framework. We compared two production process methods, namely a distillation system with one boiler for one kettle and one boiler for three kettles. The environmental impacts measured include greenhouse gas emissions, global warming potential, land use, and air acidification. Research stages involved determining goal and scope, data collection, environmental impact measurement, interpretation, and proposals for improving the production process. The results showed that the production process of a single boiler system for three kettles had an environmental impact lower than the other method. Furthermore, the distillation process and solid waste combustion have a significant impact on the environment, hence they need to be improved. This life cycle assessment of the citronella oil supply chain is the basis for enhancing the production process to reduce environmental impact.

Keywords

Citronella oil
Environmental impact
Global warming potential
Supply chain
Life cycle assessment
Crossmark
  1. A. Sulaswatty, Quo Vadis Minyak Serai Wangi dan Produk Turunannya. Penerbit BRIN, 2019, vol. 9, no. 2. [Online]. Available: https:
    //doi.org/10.55981/brin.179
  2. I. Standard, “Environmental management-life cycle assessment-requirements and guidelines,” London: ISO, 2006.
  3. U. Sakulku, O. Nuchuchua, N. Uawongyart, S. Puttipipatkhachorn, A. Soottitantawat, and U. Ruktanonchai, “Characterization and mosquito
    repellent activity of citronella oil nanoemulsion,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol. 372, no. 1, pp. 105–111, 2009. [Online]. Available:
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.12.029
  4. K. NAKAHARA, N. S. ALZOREKY, T. YOSHIHASHI, H. T. T. NGUYEN, and G. TRAKOONTIVAKORN, “Chemical composition and antifungal activity
    of essential oil from Cymbopogon nardus (citronella grass),” Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly: JARQ, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 249–252, 2013. [Online].
    Available: https://doi.org/10.6090/jarq.37.249
  5. E. Achmad, Mursalin, and A. Novra, “Effectiveness of citronella oil distiller steam method with one and two furnaces,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and
    Environmental Science, vol. 515, no. 1, p. 012022, jun 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/515/1/012022
  6.  J. Moncada, J. A. Tamayo, and C. A. Cardona, “Techno-economic and environmental assessment of essential oil extraction from citronella (cymbopogon
    winteriana) and lemongrass (cymbopogon citrus): A colombian case to evaluate different extraction technologies,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 54, pp.
    175–184, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.01.035
  7. Y. Ernita, S. A. Novita, J. Jamaluddin, I. Laksmana, and R. Rildiwan, “Analysis of the added value and financial feasibility of the industry of citronella oil,”
    Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology, vol. 3, p. 91–104, 2019.
  8. S. S. Kiki Yulianto1, Teguh Mizwarni Anugrah1, “Added value analysis of citronella oil processing using the hayami method, analisis nilai tambah
    pengolahan minyak serai wangi menggunakan metode hayami,” Open Science and Technology, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://opscitech.com/journal
  9. R. Timung, C. R. Barik, S. Purohit, and V. V. Goud, “Composition and anti-bacterial activity analysis of citronella oil obtained by hydrodistillation: Process
    optimization study,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 94, pp. 178–188, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.08.021
  10. M. S. Rusli, “Efforts and challenges for sustainable essential oil production in indonesia,” InPaper presented at the IFEAT International Conference in
    Singapore, vol. 4, p. 8, 2012.
  11. G. M. Mutter, “The impact of chemical fertilizers industry on soil and the environment in iraq,” Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences, vol. 2, no. 4,
    2009.
  12. A. T. S. Auda, “A conceptual framework to analyzing and optimizing the environmental input–output value chain; a case study: Public water supply system in
    hilla city.”
  13. E. Jabir, V. V. Panicker, and R. Sridharan, “Multi-objective optimization model for a green vehicle routing problem,” Procedia - Social and Behavioral
    Sciences, vol. 189, pp. 33–39, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.189
  14. Technical-Committee, “Iso 14040:2006(e), second edition,” SO, 2006.
  15. I. Mu ˜noz, K. Flury, N. Jungbluth, G. Rigarlsford, L. M. i Canals, and H. King, “Life cycle assessment of bio-based ethanol produced from different agricultural
    feedstocks,” The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 109–119, 2014.
  16. J. H. Schmidt, “Comparative life cycle assessment of rapeseed oil and palm oil,” The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, vol. 15, no. 2, pp.
    183–197, 2010.
  17. H. Stichnothe and F. Schuchardt, “Life cycle assessment of two palm oil production systems,” Biomass and bioenergy, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 3976–3984, 2011.
  18. A. Aviasti, R. Amaranti, and N. Nugraha, “Implementation supply chain management concept in the industrial symbiosis of the fragrant
    lemongrass distillation,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 830, no. 4, p. 042013, apr 2020. [Online]. Available:
    https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/830/4/042013
  19. R. Salima, A. Karim, S. Sugianto, and I. Indra, “Optimization of citronella oil production and quality through elevation based land
    mapping and distillation techniques,” Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, vol. 11, p. 101204, 2025. [Online]. Available:
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101204
  20. M. Khanali, S. A. Mousavi, M. Sharifi, F. Keyhani Nasab, and K. wing Chau, “Life cycle assessment of canola edible oil production in iran: A case study in
    isfahan province,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 196, pp. 714–725, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.217
  21. R. Accorsi, L. Versari, and R. Manzini, “Glass vs. plastic: Life cycle assessment of extra-virgin olive oil bottles across global supply chains,” Sustainability,
    vol. 7, pp. 2818–2840, 03 2015.
  22. A. El Hanandeh and M. A. Gharaibeh, “Environmental efficiency of olive oil production by small and micro-scale farmers in northern jordan: Life cycle
    assessment,” Agricultural Systems, vol. 148, pp. 169–177, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.08.003
  23. F. Guarino, G. Falcone, T. Stillitano, A. I. De Luca, G. Gulisano, M. Mistretta, and A. Strano, “Life cycle assessment of olive oil: A case study in southern
    italy,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 238, pp. 396–407, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.006
  24. P. Tsarouhas, C. Achillas, D. Aidonis, D. Folinas, and V. Maslis, “Life cycle assessment of olive oil production in greece,” Journal of Cleaner Production,
    vol. 93, pp. 75–83, 2015.
  25. A. Fridrihsone, F. Romagnoli, and U. Cabulis, “Environmental life cycle assessment of rapeseed and rapeseed oil produced in northern europe: A latvian case
    study,” Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 14, p. 5699, 2020.
  26. D. Spinelli, S. Jez, and R. Basosi, “Integrated environmental assessment of sunflower oil production,” Process Biochemistry, vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 1595–1602,
    2012.
  27. M. D. Sukamto and D. Suheryadi, “Seraiwangi (cymbopogon nardus l) sebagai penghasil minyak atsiri, tanaman konservasi dan pakan ternak,” Dalam: Proc.
    ng Sem. Nas. Inovasi Perkebunan, pp. 175–180, 2011.
  28. B. B. Sembiring and F. Manoi, “The efect of withering and distillation of oil quality and yield of citronella (cymbopogom nardus) bagem,” Proceedings of the
    National Seminar on Food Self-Sufficiency (Seminar Nasional Swasembada Pangan), pp. 447–451, April 2015.
  29. R. Heijungs, J. Guin ´ee, G. Huppes, R. Lankreijer, H. Haes, A. Wegener Sleeswijk, A. Ansems, P. Eggels, R. van Duin, and H. Goede, “Environmental life
    cycle assessment of products: guide and backgrounds (part 1),” Leiden University Scholarly Publications, 01 1992.
  30. IPCC, “Ipcc inventory software,” IGES, 2006. [Online]. Available: https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/software/index.html
  31. S. Akagi, R. Yokelson, C. Wiedinmyer, M. Alvarado, J. Reid, T. Karl, J. Crounse, and P. Wennberg, “Emission factors for open and domestic biomass burning
    for use in atmospheric models,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, vol. 10, 11 2010.
  32. H. Eggleston, L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara, and K. Tanabe, “2006 ipcc guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories,” IGES, 2006.
Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences
Volume 19, Issue 1
Winter 2026
Pages 26-31

  • Receive Date 25 June 2025
  • Revise Date 13 September 2025
  • Accept Date 13 January 2026

Submit Manuscript

Guide for Authors

Article Processing Charges (APC)

Reviewers

Call for Reviewers

Contact Us