Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences

Abstract One of the main problems in the city of Diwaniyah is finding suitable places for burying waste. Geographic Information System (GIS) is an appropriate tool used for this purpose. The city of Diwaniyah, like other Iraqi governorates, is not equipped with an organized system for burying urban waste. The main objective of this study is to find the optimal site for the landfill in Al-Diwaniyah City. For this purpose, and by using the multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) known as the Analytical Hierarchy (AHP) in the GIS environment, eleven criteria were presented in the first phase according to international determinants and standards and in line with Iraqi standards. The environment, which is (river, slope, agricultural land use, groundwater, railways, power line, roads, soil types, city center, gas pipeline, and villages) through which a map was developed and produced for each standard using several tools and models in GIS environment, in the second phase, we resorted to the capacity improvement program matrix to assess the weights of the eleven criteria. The study concluded two landfill sites Using the spatial analysis tool "Weight Overlay", the first site is located at coordinate UTM (502241.5, 3537336.2) east of the city, with an area of about 18.89 km2, while the second site is located at coordinate UTM (503371, 3528215.7) to the south of the city, with an area of about 20.64 km2.

Abstract Reinforcement-concrete bond is a topic that has been extensively investigated with reference to normal concrete. Scanty attention, however, has been devoted so far to lightweight aggregate concrete, thus this study tries to cover this subject. The bond behaviour of steel bars in lightweight concrete containing expanded clay and steel fibres is investigated for different types of fibrous reinforcement. Sixteen beam samples were prepared with deformed steel bars having diameters of either 12 mm or 25 mm and contained three types of steel fibres with (l⁄d) ratio equal to 60 (straight microfibres, hooked fibres or hybrid fibres). Preliminarily, the physical and mechanical properties of the mixtures (either plain or fibre-reinforced) were investigated, and comparisons were made with the provisions of Model Code 10. The addition of fibres increases concrete density up to 8%, concrete compressive strength up to 28% and tensile strength in bending up to 163%, especially in the case of hybrid fibres. The tests on bond in the beam samples show that bond strength is obviously affected by both the bonded embedded length and bar diameter. The larger the bar diameter, the lower the bond strength is obtained. Suitable amendments are suggested for some expressions proposed in MC 10 (CEB-FIP,2010).

Abstract A design of compact filtering antenna which is suitable for modern wireless communication is proposed in this paper. This project is based on the integration of a microstrip monopole patch antenna and a bandpass filter, which has two dual-mode four-sided open-loop resonant circuits and a single feed line. This design involves a couple of square open-loop resonators, which can create a pair of transmission by zeros, and in this method significantly boost the design's selectivity. As a confirmation of the hypothesis, For WiMAX applications, a filtering antenna technique has been explored, which operates in the 5.8 GHz range. by using CST Microwave Studio Suite simulator software Technology. The low-cost FR-4 substrate has been used to fabricate the filtering antenna prototype. According to the filter synthesis approach. In addition to radiating, the monopole patch antenna serves as a final resonator. This design shows good agreement between measured results and simulation results.

Abstract The determination of the full-field (FF) of displacement and strain using the digital image correlation (DIC) method is a powerful and common technique in recent years and it is used in many mechanical experimental science labs in 2D and 3D applications. However, the measurement data is highly affected by the heat, physical noise as well as specimen preparation and testing parameters setup. In this work, the experimental setup with extensive details of 2D-DIC is presented and utilized to measure the physical properties and stress concentration of open-hole of the well-known Aluminum alloy 6061-T6 subjected to uniaxial load. The FF displacement and strain components data are used within the elastic analytical theory to estimate the 2D-DIC error and the elastic properties of the specimen. The effect of the step, subset and strain filter size are presented. In general, the 2D-DIC results with optimum parameter setup show good agreement with the classical testing method. Also, the initial error is very small, and it can take off from the experimental data at the level of small deformation.

Abstract This article presents a survey on radar jamming and anti-jamming techniques. With the improvement of modern warfare technologies, electronic warfare faces increasingly challenging occurrences. Radar plays a crucial role in electronic warfare and is utilized in various applications such as air traffic control, aircraft anti-collision systems, and radar antimissile systems. However, radar systems are susceptible to electronic countermeasures, particularly jamming devices. Jammers emit jam signals to disrupt and deceive radar systems. This article explores the concept of radar jamming, including its working principles and techniques. It also highlights the importance of anti-jamming technologies to protect radar systems. The importance of understanding the environment and the capabilities of jammers has been emphasized to develop secure and effective anti-jamming systems. The study emphasizes the interplay between jamming and anti-jamming techniques, with advancements in one driving the development of the other. The paper concludes by providing an overview of the discussed topics and their significance in the field of radar technology.

Abstract This paper presents an experimental study of the effects of polyurethane (PU) capsule position on heat gain in hollow brick walls in real outdoor environments. The experiments were carried out in October 2024 at the University of Al-Qadisiyah, Middle Area Desert, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq, during an ambient temperature range from 22 to 39 °C and peak solar radiation intensities of (750 W/m²) (horizontally) and [650W/m²] (south-facing vertical). Two identical cubic test cells (1 m × 1 m × 1 m) were built and thermally calibrated to have identical baselines. Two wall configurations were tested: PU capsules in the outer cavity row (external) and in the inner cavity row (internal). The results demonstrate the superior thermal insulation capacity of the outboard position. The maximum surface temperature of the outer wall in the externally insulated condition was 46.7 °C, compared with 45.4 °C for the inner wall, indicating better heat interception by the outer exposed layer (exterior). Internal surface temperatures were 36.0 °C and 37.2 °C at the external and internal positions, respectively (less heat transfer). Indoor ambient temperatures were 33.8 °C with external installation and 34.3 °C with internal installation. The peak heat flux rate on the south wall decreased from 72.2 W/m² (internal) to 58.7 W/m² (external), a 19% decline. These findings apparently demonstrate that if PU capsules are placed in the outer cavity row of hollow brick walls, solar heat can be intercepted successfully before entering the wall mass, thereby improving thermal resistance and reducing cooling requirements for hot-climate buildings.

Abstract Interlayer bonding strength is a critical factor influencing the durability and performance of asphalt pavement systems. This study investigates the combined effects of tack coat type, application rate, and substrate surface texture on the interfacial shear strength (ISS) between asphalt layers. Four surface conditions, new wear, binder, aged-worn, and milled, were simulated to represent varying field scenarios. The interface morphology was quantitatively analysed using both the sand patch method and 3D laser scanning. Seven tack coat formulations were evaluated, including a conventional tack coat, hard-grade cutback, and a novel hybrid material modified with Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) and polylactic acid (PLA) labels MS4-70 and MSP5-70, respectively. The Tack coats were applied at three residual rates (0.1, 0.23, and 0.35 L/m² ). Direct shear testing was conducted to assess ISS under various conditions. The results reveal that surface roughness and tack coat type significantly impact bonding performance. Milled surfaces showed the highest texture and yielded superior shear performance due to enhanced mechanical interlock and bonding area. Conversely, the wear surface, characterised by a dense gradation and smooth profile, exhibited the lowest ISS values. The hybrid MSP5-70 tack coat represents a new generation of modified bonding that consistently produces the highest ISS values compared to conventional tack coats (CRS-1, CSS-1h, and RC70). These findings underscore the importance of tailored tack coat formulations and texture-specific application strategies for enhancing pavement structural integrity.

Abstract Pulmonary diseases such as COVID-19, pneumonia, and tuberculosis continue to be among the world’s leading causes of death. Proper and on-time pulmonary condition classification is critical for early treatment, and this is particularly true considering the extreme heterogeneity of data in medical imaging. Although convolutional neural networks (CNNs), including EfficientNet, are powerful models for performing medical diagnosis, their single-size-fits-all approach of compound scaling is not able to accommodate variations in image complexity. In this work, we introduce Entropy Adaptive Compound Scaling (EACS), a new extension of the EfficientNet framework based on normalized Shannon entropy used as a dynamic per-image scaling cue. EACS adjusts the compound scaling factor on a per-image basis and allows the network to raise depth and width and to increase resolution for complex input instances while retaining computational speed for less complex input instances without adjusting network architecture. EACS is assessed on two imaging modalities: chest X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans. Our results on experiments reveal that EACS enhances COVID-19 detection accuracy from 88.07% to 90.94% on chest X-rays and elevates average accuracy on CT scans from 88.66% to 91.66%, respectively. These results establish EACS as an effective, lightweight, and generalizable solution to improve diagnostic capabilities in challenging, everyday medical imaging scenarios.

Abstract Character-inspired algorithms have win meaningful traction in current age due to their healthy ability to resolve complex growth problems. This influence is achieved through their elasticity expected employed either alone or together with different algorithms or techniques. Between these, the Abyss optimization invention is conspicuous as a meta-heuristic approach stimulated by the huge wonder of black dents, which arise from heroes of immense intensity and gravitational capacity. The Black Hole invention begins accompanying a community of potential solutions, evaluating ruling class to identify highest in rank candidate, named as the "abyss." Subsequent resolutions, represented as "favorites," are evenly absorbed for one abyss as part of the addition process. In our proposed augmentations, we brought in a novel method for create heroes that are absorbed for one black hole, alongside modifications to star evolution movement to boost exploration proficiencies. These adjustments were particularly planned to improve the invention's conduct in data assembling tasks, even in scenarios deficient forethought about the dataset's characteristics. To corroborate the influence of these modifications, we conducted far-reaching evaluations using diversified standard datasets and statistical study techniques. The exploratory results showed that the enhanced treasure usually delivers superior act compared to various widely-secondhand optimization procedures, showcasing allure promise in engaging in challenging addition questions.

Abstract This study evaluates changes in hardness and estimates the reduction in tensile strength of BJ37 structural steel after exposure to elevated temperatures of 250 ^°C and 500 ^°C using the Leeb hardness non-destructive testing (NDT) method. Since hardness is closely related to mechanical properties, the Leeb test can be used as an indirect approach to estimate tensile strength without damaging the material. A total of 36 specimens were prepared from the flange and web sections of a WF 300 X 150 X 6 X9 steel profile. The specimens were heated to 250 ^°C and 500 ^°C for 15 minutes and then rapidly cooled by water immersion before testing. The initial hardness was measured at approximately 366.19 HL, corresponding to an estimated tensile strength of about 372 MPa. After heating to 250 ^°C, the hardness decreased to 352.5 HL, with an estimated tensile strength of 342.5 MPa; at 500 ^°C, the hardness was 354.7 HL, corresponding to approximately 346 MPa. The reduction in tensile strength ranged from 7.0% to 7.9% relative to the initial condition, with only a small difference between the two temperature levels. These results indicate that the Leeb hardness method can serve as a rapid, non-destructive tool for the preliminary assessment of steel mechanical properties after fire exposure. Further research is recommended to validate these findings through destructive tensile testing, considering a wider range of temperatures, longer heating durations, and a larger number of specimens. The findings provide a practical basis for rapid post-fire evaluation of steel structural integrity.

Abstract Advances in smart materials have made it possible to develop shape-changing wing concepts as alternatives to traditional high-lift systems. In this study, the aerodynamic effects of linear beam extension on a NACA 0015 wing profile with an initial beam length of 150 mm were numerically investigated. The linear actuation mechanism applied along the chord direction resulted in a reduction in the camber ratio. The aerodynamic performance of the conformable configurations was evaluated using CFD analyses conducted under low Reynolds number conditions and employing the k- SST turbulence model. The results indicate that chordwise deformation can improve aerodynamic performance under various operating conditions. This approach offers significant potential for enhancing maneuverability and reducing energy consumption in low-Reynolds-number aircraft, presenting a promising solution for future adaptive wing designs.

Abstract Cancer is still a major health concern, particularly in areas like Iraq with inadequate healthcare systems, where survival rates depend on early and precise diagnosis. Using clinical text data from radiology reports in Mosul, Iraq, this study examines the use of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Learning (ML) models for cancer diagnosis and classification. In order to categories cancer cases into benign, malignant, stable, progress, and improvement groups, three machine learning classifiers—Support Vector Machine (SVM), XGBoost, and LightGBM—were trained using TF-IDF features on a balanced dataset of 12,923 labelled radiological reports. XGBoost outperformed the other models and showed the highest accuracy (97.25%). This study examines the useful implications for improving diagnostic efficiency and demonstrates the efficacy of NLP-driven machine learning models in healthcare settings with limited resources. The results imply that these ML-NLP models can increase accuracy, decrease the need for manual diagnostic procedures, and possibly offer a scalable solution for healthcare systems with limited funding.

Abstract Natural convection heat transfer in corrugated enclosures has attracted increasing attention due to its importance in thermal management applications. However, the combined effects of wall corrugation, porous media, ethylene glycol–based nanofluids, and magnetic field control have not been sufficiently addressed. In the present study, a numerical investigation is carried out to analyze thermo-magnetohydrodynamic natural convection inside a corrugated enclosure subjected to different heating configurations. The enclosure is divided into two regions: an upper region filled with an ethylene glycol–based nanofluid and a lower porous layer saturated with the same nanofluid. Three heating cases are considered, namely an externally heated corrugated cylinder, an upper heated wall, and an externally heated circular boundary. The governing equations are solved using the finite element method under steady-state conditions. The effects of Rayleigh number (10⁴  up to 10⁶), Hartmann number (0 up to 60), Darcy number (10^-5  up to  10^-3), and magnetic field inclination angle (0° up to 35^o ) are examined at a fixed nanoparticle volume fraction of 0.02. The results show that increasing the Rayleigh number enhances heat transfer, while the magnetic field intensity suppresses convection. Among all cases, the externally heated corrugated cylinder provides the highest thermal performance, and the ethylene glycol–based nanofluid enhances the average Nusselt number by up to 48% at Ra = 10 ⁶.

Abstract Digital media intellectual property protection is crucial in safeguarding the creative efforts of content creators and fostering innovation. It ensures that individuals and businesses receive fair recognition and compensation for their digital creations, stimulating continued artistic and technological advancements. Without robust protection, the risk of piracy and unauthorized use threatens to undermine the economic incentives for producing high-quality digital content, jeopardizing the vibrant ecosystem that fuels our digital economy. In this paper a method to enhance the security and the attack resistance of LSB by employing visual cryptography security combined with a lightweight cryptographic technique to ensure the integrity of the watermark. This method starts by calculating the hash value of the secret information using the Photon lightweight hash function for integrity verification. This hash value is appended to the end of the secret value to form a new secret information. secret sharing was used after that to create multiple shares, and these shares were embedded in the cover using LSB. MSE scores for this work were very low (less than 0.01), and it stood against different types of attacks. The Chi-square analysis further supports the robustness of the method, with values such as 2.114 for the all-white image and 0.8361 for the Baboon image, indicating minimal statistical alterations across diverse scenarios.

Abstract Enhancing and retrofitting existing structural components is a critical process that aims to restore or improve the performance, safety, and durability of constructions. Foundations in particular can be susceptible to damage, failures, or differential settlements for a number of different reasons, including improper design parameters, lack of soil investigations, additional weights produced by story extensions, lateral loads resulting from seismic events, or changes to the structure’s purposes post-construction. Thus, the need for effective and economic strengthening methods is essential. Available techniques used to increase the structural and geotechnical foundation capacity are discussed in detail in this review paper. The geotechnical underpinning techniques involve soil improvements by piling, micro-piling, grouting, helical piers, and geosynthetic reinforcements, as well as structural enhancement approaches including concrete jacketing and footing enlargement. In terms of geotechnical improvement, micropiles were found to be the most effective in enhancing and stabilizing the foundation, and helical piers were the fastest and easiest to install in the soil. On the other hand, enlarging the footing offered better load distribution and enhancement to the shear capacity. 

Abstract This study aims to experimentally investigate the two-way shear performance of high-strength concrete flat slabs containing integrated ducts. A total of eight slab specimens containing ducts were manufactured, along with one solid slab functioning as the reference. The experimental program focused on two primary parameters: the horizontal distance of the duct opening from the column face (evaluated at 0, 50, and 100 mm for 50 × 50 mm and 50 × 150 mm openings) and the effect of duct width (evaluated at 50 and 150 mm). The performance of slab specimens was adversely affected by increases in duct width and nearness to the column face. As the duct width expanded from 50 mm to 150 mm, an apparent reduction in load capacity occurred, peaking at 43.9% at the column face. Similarly, closer placement of the duct led to a steeper reduction. Serviceability decreased considerably, with specimens having wider ducts at 0 mm or 50 mm often failing to reach the service load. In contrast, those at 100 mm experienced excessive deflection, up to 94% higher than the control, indicating a severe loss of stiffness. Toughness consistently declined, with a maximum reduction of 51.9% at the column face. It was observed that all slab specimens, even the solid control specimen, exhibited the same failure mode, known as punching failure.

Abstract Pervious concrete is an environmentally friendly paving concrete that has attracted significant attention due to its environmental advantages, particularly in mitigating the influences of urban heat and improving stormwater runoff. This study aims to investigate the influence of three types of lightweight coarse aggregates on the physical properties of pervious concrete mixtures. These types are pumice and two types of lightweight expanded clay aggregates (LECA): low density (LD) and high density (HD). Previous concrete mixtures were modified by styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) at 5% by cement mass and prepared. The physical properties of this type of concrete, including porosity, permeability, and hardened density, were investigated.  The results indicated that replacing the normal coarse aggregate with a volumetric ratio of 10% lightweight coarse aggregates resulted in a significant increase in permeability and porosity while at the same time reducing density. The highest value of permeability was achieved by the mix containing 10% of LD without SBR, with an increment of 35.9%, compared to the control mix. The porosity was increased by 28.6% in the mix containing 10% of PA without SBR, compared to the control mix. On the other hand. Regardless of the type of lightweight coarse aggregate used, the addition of SBR to the lightweight aggregate mixtures significantly decreases the porosity and permeability while increasing density. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the type of aggregate chosen has a significant effect on the physical properties of pervious concrete.

Abstract Construction and demolition waste is recognized as a major waste stream made by humans around the world. The use of crushed old concrete in a type of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) has been a promising technique to promote construction sustainability. However, the mechanical behaviors and the durability of  RAC  are inferior to those of concrete incorporating natural aggregate. Therefore, the creation of effective methods to lessen these harmful consequences is crucial. It stands to reason that the dilatation of concrete can be restricted by placing it in a confinement state. Due to the confinement provided by the steel casing, a steel tube filled with concrete can be considered suitable for improving the working mechanism of the RAC. In this paper, a series of comparison tests were conducted to investigate the behavior of square double skin steel tubes filled with self-compacting concrete (SCFDST) columns under different loading conditions. Ten specimens consisting of five normal SCFDST and five recycled aggregate self-compacting concrete filled double skin steel tube (RSCFDST) columns were tested under (axial, uniaxial, and biaxial) compression loads. Loading eccentricity and full replacement of coarse aggregate were adopted as the main parameters in the experiments. Overall, the failure mode, ultimate capacities, and general deformational behavior have been presented in this paper. According to the results, comparable structural behavior and failure shapes were observed between the RSCFDST columns and their normal SCFDST counterparts with an acceptable reduction in ultimate bearing capacity. The ultimate bearing capacity of both RSCFDST and conventional SCFDST are significantly harmed by eccentricity, while the ductility of the columns was improved by the RAC replacement. The failure mode of normal SCFDST and RSCFDST columns was overall buckling under a uniaxial and biaxial compression load, whereas compression failure was the failure mode of the axially loaded columns. As expected, due to the confinement effect of the steel tubes, the strength of the sandwich concrete was enhanced, and all tested columns exhibited ductile failure. 

Abstract An innovative experimental approach was developed to enhance NaCl removal using porous broad-crested weirs with different alumina-limestone configurations in an open-channel flow under controlled hydraulic conditions. Eight experimental cases were systematically evaluated, examining pure limestone, pure alumina, and mixed arrangements (Al-Ls-Al, Ls-Al-Ls) under two flow rates over 240 minutes. Results demonstrate that pure alumina achieved superior performance with 5.88\% average removal efficiency, significantly outperforming pure limestone (2.01-4.27\%) and mixed configurations (4.41-5.01\%). Limestone exhibited significant hydraulic dependency, with removal efficiency increasing by 112\% when flow rate increased from through flow to through flow limit conditions, while alumina demonstrated consistent performance across both flow regimes. All configurations showed initial rapid removal followed by a gradual approach toward equilibrium efficiency, with the most significant removal occurring within the first 10 minutes. Mixed material configurations (Al-Ls-Al and Ls-Al-Ls) achieved removal efficiencies that fell between those of pure materials, indicating no enhancement beyond the individual material properties. The study reveals that while alumina provides optimal NaCl removal, limestone under enhanced flow rates offers economically viable alternatives, achieving 71\% of alumina's performance. Porous broad-crested weirs represent promising technology for sustainable water treatment applications. 

Abstract This paper examines the characteristics of soft clayey soils prevalent in the central and southern regions of Iraq. The study focuses on assessing the impact of electro-osmosis (E.O.) on both the shear strength of these soils and the efficiency of pile driving, including the installation of experimental piles. The investigation employs laboratory equipment and locally sourced Baghdad soft clay soil to conduct a comprehensive test program. This program encompasses conventional soil tests and utilizes two specialized soil boxes designed for E.O. to collect essential parameters for pile prototype installation. The primary objective is to explore how E.O. affects the pile driving process. The shear strength was evaluated through four vane shear tests, with vertical E.O. voltage applied at varying depths. The findings indicate that the shear strength in anode regions exceeds control results by up to 100%, with a decrease in strength observed as testing moves towards the cathode. Another significant finding is the Percentage Reduction in Blows, which typically ranges from 65% to 90%. These outcomes were derived from four tests conducted at a soil water content of 25%.

Abstract For jointed precast concrete pavements, this study suggests a novel demountable dowel bar system made of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP). The conventional steel dowel systems have limited reuse, corrosion, and concentrated stress. On the other hand, the suggested solution features a stainless steel sleeve that accommodates the GFRP bar, providing both removability and durability. Under monotonic loading circumstances, four slab specimens measuring 300 mm, 400 mm, and 800 mm in width were put to the test. The findings demonstrated that, in contrast to specimens with traditional steel dowels, those with GFRP dowels had distinct failure processes. The suggested system's potential application in modular pavement systems was indicated by its encouraging load-bearing capability and flexibility. 

Abstract This paper presents a Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) based facial recognition model that handles illumination, expression, and position variations, among other typical challenges in the area. The model's flexibility and generalizability are enhanced using data augmentation methods for the features extracted from preprocessed face images using CNN. The model was evaluated for performance using five well-recognized datasets: ORL, Yale, Extended Yale B, JAFFE, and LFW. The proposed model attained 97% accuracy on ORL, 93% on Yale, 98% on Extended Yale B, 100% on JAFFE, and 98% on LFW, surpassing current state-of-the-art techniques. To make the model more resilient on smaller datasets such as ORL and JAFFE, data augmentation was performed. On the other hand, Extended Yale B and other more diverse datasets performed well even without augmentation. Also, preprocessing techniques, such as data balance and augmentation, have improved identification abilities, especially in real-world situations like LFW. Overall, this study underscores the power of DCNNs for face recognition and highlights how tailored data augmentation can boost performance across different datasets.

Abstract This study reveals the increase in heat transfer using passive and active techniques for BFS. Backward-
facing step (BFS) flow is one example of a representative model for separation flows which has been
noted in its applications in engine flows, vehicles, condensers, heat transfer systems, and flow around
structures, aerodynamic flows. To learn about the importance of backward-facing step flow from a
theoretical and engineering perspective, this work provides a comprehensive review of heat transfer and
flow results of forced convection flow with passive and active techniques in a channel containing flow
separation and subsequent reconnection. The objective of the research was to give a synopsis of the effects
of several parameters, such as the Prandtl number, Reynolds number, nanoparticle volume fraction,
Hartmann number, tilt angle, buoyancy force, and Coriolis force. The objective of the research was to give a synopsis of the effects of several parameters, such as the Prandtl number, Reynolds number, nanoparticle volume fraction,
Hartmann number, tilt angle, buoyancy force, and Coriolis force.

Abstract A steady-state effect analysis of enhancing the cooling performance of a photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collector using a damper that changes the flow direction with the multi-flow channel is investigated numerically and experimentally. The study aims to improve the electrical efficiency of PV/T systems with turbulent generation to increase exchange between absorbent panels and airflow with less pressure drop. The effect of different mass flux rates (MFR) of (0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, and 0.08) kg/s, and various solar flux of (600, 800, and 1000)W/m^2 on solar cell (PV) temperature and PV/T system performance is studied under indoor test conditions. The results indicated that the air temperature is inversely proportional to the air MFR, and the overall efficiency highly depends on the air MFR and solar flux intensity. In addition, the experiment result shows that the higher value at air MFR (0.04-0.08)kg/s, solar flux (1000 W/m^2) for electrical, thermal, and overall efficiency are (17.03%, 74.14%, and 90.4%), respectively. Moreover, The percentage output power its (28.44%) by (15.93) W leads to pioneering results compared to previous studies

Abstract Fuels based on petroleum have been used for many years. However, as the world strives to protect the environment, clean and renewable energy is becoming more sought after. Diesel fuel can be replaced with biodiesel and alcohol. One of the advantages of these fuels is that they are renewable and locally produced. This study prepared different fuel mixes using pure Iraqi diesel as a reference and an air-cooled, single-cylinder, compression-ignition diesel engine. In this study, an experimental investigation is conducted to introduce biofuel-heavy alcohol blends as alternatives to Iraqi high-sulfur diesel. In order to produce D80B20, diesel, and biodiesel made from used cooking oil were combined. Higher alcohols (hexanol and butanol) were also added to this mixture in a 10% ratio. The engine was operated at a speed of 2500 rpm and with various loads ranging from 4 kW to 10 kW to assess its exhaust emissions. In comparison to diesel, CO levels in exhaust emissions were reduced by 29.23%, 23.59%, and 13.85%, respectively, in the tested blends, while CO2 levels were raised by 23.26%, 16.86%, and8.56%, respectively. Reductions of 25.88%, 42.35%, and 11.76%, were observed in HC concentrations. D80B10HEX10 and D80B10BU10 showed reductions of 5.7% and 3.8% in NOx emissions, while an increase of 3.5% was observed using D80B20.

Abstract PMMA (poly methyl methacrylate), a well-known polymer of the methacrylate family, is widely utilized in biomedicine, particularly in odonatological applications like artificial teeth, dentures and denture bases, obturators, provisional or permanent crowns, and so on. The outstanding qualities of PMMA, such as its beauty, low density, and changeable mechanical properties, make it an ideal option for use in dentistry. The use of hybrid nanofillers comprising of zinc and zirconium oxides (ZrO2:ZnO) with PMMA and the investigation of the resulting changes in mechanical properties, compared to the addition of natural nano powder represented by nano bran (nB), was studied. The effect of introducing bran powder after turning it into a nanomaterial into PMMA and studying the change in mechanical characteristics was investigated. The use of these components lowers the cost of polymer formulations, allowing for the development of new biodegradable formulations and greatly lowering the environmental load on nature after using consumer items made from them. The bran powder material was added in different weight ratios (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%,10% and 12%), as well as ZrO2: ZnO as a hybrid nanofiller, which were added in the same proportions compared to the pure resin. An increase in the compressive strength was observed to reach its highest value at 206 Mpa of nB compared to the ZrO2:ZnO where it was 140 Mpa. As well as concerning flexibility, an increase in the elastic strength was observed where it was for ZrO2:ZnO and Bran respectively 68 Mpa and 88.98 Mpa compared to pure PMMA.

Abstract Several approaches for detecting isomorphism in kinematic chains have been developed in recent literature. If two kinematic chains have a 1-1 correspondence and their incidences are maintained, they are isomorphic. In this work, a matrix-based method for identifying isomorphism is presented. The new method is based on fundamental circuits, vertex degrees, and spanning trees. A unique identifier for isomorphic graphs is proposed. Two graphs are isomorphic if their isomorphic identification numbers have the same value. This reduces the structural isomorphism test to a comparison of the isomorphic identification numbers of the two graphs under consideration. Regardless of vertex labeling of the graphs, which is problematic in other ways, similar isomorphic identification numbers are generated for isomorphic graphs. The new method is a comprehensive, systematic way for detecting isomorphism during the synthesis of kinematic chains. Isomorphic graphs are identified regardless of graph representation. The new approach is verified by the atlas of 6-link 2- degree of freedom planetary gear mechanisms (PGMs), the atlas of 5-link 2-degree of freedom planetary geared cam mechanisms (PGCMs) as well as some PGMs and PGCMs.

Abstract The current numerical study examines the effect of using beef oil methyl ester (BOME) blends with diesel fuel on diesel engine characteristics. The engine powered by diesel fuel and three different volumetric blends of BOME biodiesel (10%, 20%, and 30%). The simulation program Diesel-RK has been used. The results obtained showed an increase in the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) as a result of replacing BOME with diesel. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) decreased slightly by 1.5384%, 3.0855% and 2.3597% for the use of 10%, 20% and 30% BOME respectively due to difference in heating content of BOME blends. The exhaust temperature dropped for all BOME blends. Slight increase in NOx emissions by 4.1227%, 9.6836%, and 13.7105% correspond to 10%, 20% and 30% of BOME respectively. Compared with diesel the bosh smoke number (BSN) decreased by 4.44619%, 11.846%, and 17.8947% for B10, B20, and B30 respectively. A little increase in CO2 emission. The findings of this investigation are compared with the results of other studies and reported an acceptable deviation.

Abstract A bridge is one of the most important structures of man-made construction intended to enable passage across a gap, such as a river, valley, intersection, etc. The bridges can be provided for many purposes, such as facilitating water movement, individuals, vehicles, and railroads. The selection of the bridge's site should consider equity, effectiveness, efficiency, societal benefits, and economic ones. In structural engineering, prestressing methods are frequently used to improve structural components and systems' load-carrying capacity and serviceability. Increases in service loads or the end of a structure's useful life necessitate frequent maintenance and repair work. It is possible to reinforce and repair both steel and concrete buildings. The primary goal of this work is to provide a review of the literature on the assessment of prestressed concrete box girder bridges under static loads as well as investigate the strengthening methods employed by researchers to reinforce prestressed concrete box girder bridges.

Abstract Neuroarchitecture provides valuable insights into how built environments influence students’ cognitive performance and academic success. However, spatial characteristics related to architectural studios are still inadequately examined, particularly within non-Western academic settings. This study aims to investigate the impact of studio width on students' cognitive performance and environmental preferences in architectural learning spaces using virtual reality (VR). A quantitative research method was employed using VR-based environments to measure attention, memory and preferences across varying studio widths. A within-subjects experiment was conducted with 90 undergraduate architecture students from three universities in Erbil. Participants performed standardized auditory attention and memory tasks in narrow and spacious virtual studios. The results indicated that narrow studios significantly improved cognitive performance, resulting in faster reaction times, fewer attentional errors, and improved memory recall. However, students preferred wider studios, and female students consistently outperformed male students on all cognitive tests. These findings highlight the difference between objective cognitive outcomes and subjective preferences. This study demonstrates the value of spatial width as a neuroarchitectural feature that influences cognition in university students. It provides context-specific evidence to support the alignment of evidence-based design with user-centered outcomes in higher education, particularly in underrepresented regions such as Erbil.

Abstract The study evaluates the Large Basrah Water Project's (LBWP) operational performance from Feb 1, 2023, to Dec 31, 2024, using an artificial neural network to predict reverse osmosis processes, analyzing factors influencing permeability and concentration polarization. This trains and tests the artificial neural network (ANN) model using a dataset comprising 700 items and divided it into three groups: 80% for training, 10% for validation, and 10% for testing. The developed neural network model successfully predicts the output variables QP and CP based on the six input variables Feed Pressure, Temperature, QF, CF, Turb, and PH. Using Bayesian regularization backpropagation, the model demonstrated excellent predictive performance for QP, with high correlation (R=0.98268) and low error metrics (RMSE =27.5389). While the prediction for CP was slightly less accurate (R=0.95464 and RMSE=6.9029), the overall model performance remains robust and reliable. This approach provides a valuable predictive tool for understanding and optimizing the underlying system behavior based on the selected input parameters. Furthermore, the ANN model indicates that the related weights for temperature, pressure, feed water flow rates, feed water salinity, turbidity, and pH are 17%, 2.94%,42.94%, 28.23%, 6.72% and 2.17% respectively. These results imply that using the training datasets, the model fairly forecasts the concentration and flow of permeate.

Abstract The rapid expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) communications across fog networks has led to a significant increase in security concerns and cyber threats due to the multiplicity and diversity of violations and security vulnerabilities. Due to inadequate security, a large number of IoT devices are vulnerable to malware, security breaches, and cyberattacks. It has been challenging for conventional intrusion detection systems (IDS), which rely on signature-based detection, to identify novel and unexpected attacks. Thus, deep learning and machine learning technologies offer interesting options for IoT security. A type of deep recurrent neural network (DRNN) called bidirectional long short-term memory networks (Bi-LSTM) is proposed in this paper as an intelligent intrusion detection system (IDS) for the Internet of Things (IoT). Through the careful analysis of complex network traffic patterns, the system can detect known and novel attacks with high accuracy and low false alarm rates. The training includes neural networks, anomaly detection, rare feature extraction, and data processing, all of which are parts of the process. The model is evaluated using accuracy, recall, F1 score, and false alarm rates after being trained with 70% of industrial datasets generated by MATLAB that are similar to real data (such as CICIoT2023 and CICIDS2017) and 30% of the time for testing. The results show that while it increases intrusion detection accuracy, the proposed intrusion detection system provides high-precision security monitoring and practical software simulation. The main contributions include efficient intrusion detection, improved detection accuracy, and increased data security. Because the model works with a number of Internet of Things communication
protocols, it provides a practical security solution for protecting IoT networks from advanced cyberattacks. Simulations emphasize reproducibility, and strategies are planned using a standard dataset from Internet sources. She participated in creating and evaluating a deep learning model, achieving a training accuracy of 99.991% in detecting and preventing attacks.

Abstract Ferrocement is a composite construction material that’s gaining more attention due to its superior strength, toughness, crack control, and impact. By contrast, the use of expanded polystyrene particles in concrete not only reduces the weight of the structure but also provides unique benefits like a higher strength-to-weight ratio, better thermal insulation, less water permeability, and increased energy and sound absorption. This study investigates the flexural behavior of Expanded Polystyrene ferrocement beams under static loading. Initially, the study focused on evaluating the mechanical properties of mixtures in fresh and hardened states using two replacement ratios of expanded polystyrene beads (10% and 20%) that substitute fine aggregates. The slump test was used to determine the fresh-state workability, and standard specimens for compressive strength, density, split, and flexural strength were used to determine the mechanical properties of the hardened samples. At 20% EPS, mortar exhibits decreasing trends in density (2056.28 kg/m³), compressive strength (23.6 MPa), splitting tensile strength (2.85 MPa), and flexural strength (3.96 MPa). Flexural outcomes exhibited that the beams reinforced with wire mesh display higher peak loads and greater stiffness and strength compared to those with stirrups. A beam with 20% EPS and reinforced with wire mesh produced a high ultimate load (41.96 KN) that was nearest to mortar alone (43.96 KN). In addition to having the narrowest cracks (1.1 mm) compared to other beams, it also has higher stiffness (4.11 kN/mm). Therefore, it stands out as the best overall choice for lightweight, durable applications requiring both strength and crack control.

Abstract This paper presents a technical and environmental assessment of a 3 kWp grid-connected residential rooftop PV system in Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq, using PVsyst 8.0.19. Four scenarios were analysed: monofacial and bifacial PV panels with and without a 5 kWh LiFePO4 battery, plus an expansion sensitivity case using a 10 kWh battery. The battery-free system generated 6,444.8 kWh/year, with a performance ratio (PR) of 80.72%, specific yield of 1,790 kWh/kWp/year, solar fraction of 64.37%, and grid imports of 1,262.2 kWh/year. Adding a 5 kWh battery slightly reduced PR to 77.86% due to charge/discharge losses but increased the solar fraction to 93.00% and reduced grid imports by 80.4% to 247.98 kWh/year. Bifacial panels improved annual production by about 90 kWh/year (+1.4%) and increased PR by 1.13 percentage points in both storage and non-storage cases. Expanding storage to 10 kWh raised the solar fraction only from 93.0% to 96.7%, showing diminishing returns and doubling the cost. Environmentally, the system avoids about 118.4 tCO₂ over 25 years, equivalent to 5,381 trees or removing 25.7 cars annually, with an avoided carbon cost of USD 5,920. The 5 kWh monofacial battery system is the optimal configuration for residential energy independence in the Iraqi context.

Abstract The behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) members with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars has been the focus of several studies in previous years. However, a study to investigate the behavior of reactive powder concrete (RPC) columns reinforced with GFRP bars (GFRP-RPC) has not been conducted. This study aimed to study the structural behavior of circular columns fully reinforced with GFRP bars and hoops or spirals. In the present study, the behavior of GFRP-RPC circular columns under axial load is studied with the effect of four variables: longitudinal reinforcement ratio, transverse reinforcement ratio, transverse reinforcement configuration (hoops vs. spirals), and type of longitudinal reinforcement (GFRP, steel, and hybrid). Twenty circular columns with a diameter of 150 mm and a height of 1000 mm were cast and tested, divided into seven groups. Results discuss failure modes, axial load capacity, deformations (displacement and strains), and ductility. Test results indicate that the load capacity of the columns increased by ranging from approximately 46 to 56.25% when the longitudinal reinforcement ratio increased from 1.77 to 3.55%, also increased the transverse reinforcement ratio from 1.24 to 2.48% enhanced the load capacity ranging from approximately 5.13 to 19.1%. Moreover, the nominal capacity of GFRP-RPC columns was compared with the design equations so, the results were verified.

Abstract Most industries struggle with corrosion. Corrosion inhibitors are needed in these sectors. Eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors should be effective even at low concentrations. In this work, the compound 2- Fluorophenyl-2, 5- dithiohydrazodicarbonamide (2F-TSC) was utilized as a corrosion inhibitor for copper in a 3.5% NaCl solution. The inhibitor efficiency was calculated by using a series of electrochemical methods like, open circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). All tests have been done in a stagnant condition. The results show that the compound 2F-TSC looked to be of mixed type. Furthermore, the maximum inhibitor efficiency was reached at 99.2% at 10^-2 M 2F-TSC and 5 h. The adsorption of 2F-TSC on the copper surface in 3.5% NaCl obeyed the Langmuir isotherm with a negative value of the standard Gibbs free energy of adsorption of -35.4 kJ/mol (chemisorption and physisorption). SEM, EDX, and AFM confirmed the presence of 2F-TSC on the surface of copper. The adsorption of the inhibitor molecules on the Cu (111) surface was further verified by a Monte Carlo simulation study. The results approved that the 2F-TSC can be utilized as a corrosion inhibitor for copper in an aggressive solution (3.5% NaCl).

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the heat transfer behavior of an Al₂O₃-water nanofluid within a coil-agitated tank. The experiment utilized Al₂O₃-water nanofluids with varying volume concentrations, namely 0.2 vol%, 0.3 vol%, and 0.4 vol%. Two different cooling water flow rates, specifically 1.8 and 2.2 liters/min, were employed during the investigation. The propeller speed ranged from 2 to 12 (rps), and the temperature spanned from 30 to 80 °C. The findings revealed that the heat transfer coefficient of the nanofluids exceeded that of the base water. Moreover, it increased with higher volume concentrations, reaching its peak at 0.4 vol% with an average rise of approximately ±77.2%. Additionally, the heat transfer coefficient demonstrated an increase of about ±19.8% when the temperature was elevated to 80 °C and approximately ±11.9% when the propeller speed was raised to 12 rps. Comparing the two distinct flow rates, it was observed that the heat transfer coefficient rose with decreasing flow rate to 1.8 liters per minute, exhibiting an average enhancement of approximately ±13.6%.

Abstract Numerical investigation of mixed convective in a vented square cavity with fin. The horizontal walls are adiabatic, while the left and right walls are at hot and cold temperatures, respectively. The fluid inlet to the cavity from the lower left open area, and exit from the upper right open area. In this study, a finite element scheme is employed. The analysis is done for specific Prandtl number, Reynolds number, fin length, Richardson number, and the location of the fin. The finding indicates that the increases when high the location of the fin is, the increase at the maximum height of this fin location is estimated to be 17% due to an increase in the area of fluid flow on the hot wall caused by rising convective. The highest heat transfer occurs when the fin length is equal to 0.6 at the location.

Abstract This paper presents a proposal for an authentication scheme for smart building systems and environments based on blockchain, its positive features, and fog computing. The most important feature that can be distinguished in the submitted proposal is its adoption of the principle of decentralization in contrast to traditional centralized documentation protocols, i.e. the proposed authentication system in which users and smart devices are implemented in a distributed and decentralized manner on the blockchain,  that will provide a solution to a significant problem of low overall efficiency of the authentication process caused by a bottleneck in such important areas as computing capacity as well as centralized storage of a single authentication authority in the traditional model. There are also benefits from adding fog computing, and because it has higher computing and storage capabilities, it makes the data processing process more efficient, faster, more streamlined, and in line with the common necessities of the real-time IoT environment. The proposed scheme also provides solutions to protect the privacy of user data and increase the level of confidentiality, protection, and security, since a mysterious extractor was used to increase the confidentiality of the proposed model of the authentication system. Comparing a set of security schemes and conducting a security and performance analysis of the proposed scheme, the comparisons showed that the scheme can be characterized as having a good security level and an important efficiency level. The paper focused on specific aspects design of the authentication system, such as the registration and authentication process of all network entities, regardless of the specifics of the implementation of blockchain smart contracts.

Abstract The column is considered as a support rooted in the ground and forms the part responsible for connecting the upper and lower level. It is a dialectic duality to provide the space with its required qualities .It is a base to support what lies above it and forms a poetic vision which hypothetically give the identity of the place .It forms a constituent in Arabic Islamic architecture worthy of comprehensive of its significance; and explore the various faces in the civilized heritage of the nation distinguished in its architectural character in terms of functional, aesthetical, historical and moral symbolism . In this content, the column provided a typological architectural expressions in palaces, temples, masjed, caravansaries , public baths , markets ...etc. Which formed the total urban forms in the history of this land . The most significant type of columns in Arabic architecture is the Baghdadi ( the delegue) and andelosian columns . The “research problem” represent in the ambiguity and shortage, detection, dimension and connotations implications that accompanied a column in the Arab-Islamic architecture.The research aims to detect the different dimensions and connotations of which was accompanied by the emergence of the column. The results of research to reveal the dimensions and connotations of the different that accompanied the emergence of the column in the Arab Islamic architecture, which is the connotations of structural, historical, aesthetic, spiritual, religious, social, philosophical and symbolic, educational, environmental and urban, formal and expressive content timer as well as the connotations of heritage.

Abstract Traffic crashes are one of the main reasons for the death of many people and the loss of property Therefore, it is important to conduct research and studies to reduce the risk of accidents and identify the causes that lead to their occurrence. The condition of the pavement is one of the main factors that lead to accidents, as several studies have been presented that show the impact of pavement defects such as rutting, roughness, and skid resistance on traffic safety. This research was conducted to find out and compile the most important research papers using the web of science (WOS) and then analyzing the data using the VOSviewer program, and to know the most countries and journals published on the related pavement condition of road crashes, as well as to know the authors and their cooperation. In addition to knowing the keywords that help researchers research this topic. In order to benefit from these studies in knowing the causes of accidents, analyzing and treating them, and improving the performance of roads using modern analysis and maintenance methods that ensure traffic safety.